KULIAH 3 KAWALAN DALAMAN Kawalan dan Risiko Kawalan
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KULIAH 3 KAWALAN DALAMAN
Kawalan dan Risiko Kawalan penting untuk mengurangkan risiko. Risiko – kesan negatif ke atas kedudukan kewangan Kawalan – tindakan untuk memastikan objektif tercapai
Legal Definition of Fraud l l l False representation - false statement or disclosure Material fact - a fact must be substantial in inducing someone to act Intent to deceive must exist The misrepresentation must have resulted in justifiable reliance upon information, which caused someone to act The misrepresentation must have caused injury or loss
Factors that Contribute to Fraud
2004 ACFE Study of Fraud l l l Loss due to fraud equal to 6% of revenues— approximately $660 billion Loss by position within the company: Other results: higher losses due to men, employees acting in collusion, and employees with advance degrees
Enron, World. Com, Adelphia Underlying Problems l l Lack of Auditor Independence: auditing firms also engaged by their clients to perform nonaccounting activities Lack of Director Independence: directors who also serve on the boards of other companies, have a business trading relationship, have a financial relationship as stockholders or have received personal loans, or have an operational relationship as employees Questionable Executive Compensation Schemes: short-term stock options as compensation result in short-term strategies aimed at driving up stock prices at the expense of the firm’s long-term health. Inappropriate Accounting Practices: a characteristic common to many financial statement fraud schemes. l l Enron made elaborate use of special purpose entities World. Com transferred transmission line costs from current expense accounts to capital accounts
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Its principal reforms pertain to: l l l Creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditor independence—more separation between a firm’s attestation and non-auditing activities Corporate governance and responsibility—audit committee members must be independent and the audit committee must oversee the external auditors Disclosure requirements—increase issuer and management disclosure New federal crimes for the destruction of or tampering with documents, securities fraud, and actions against whistleblowers
Employee Fraud l l Committed by non-management personnel Usually consists of: an employee taking cash or other assets for personal gain by circumventing a company’s system of internal controls
Management Fraud l l l Perpetrated at levels of management above the one to which internal control structure relates Frequently involves using financial statements to create an illusion that an entity is more healthy and prosperous than it actually is Involves misappropriation of assets, it frequently is shrouded in a maze of complex business transactions
Fraud Schemes Three categories of fraud schemes according to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners: A. fraudulent statements B. corruption C. asset misappropriation
A. Fraudulent Statements l l Misstating the financial statements to make the copy appear better than it is Usually occurs as management fraud May be tied to focus on short-term financial measures for success May also be related to management bonus packages being tied to financial statements
B. Corruption l Examples: l l l bribery illegal gratuities conflicts of interest economic extortion Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977: l l indicative of corruption in business world impacted accounting by requiring accurate records and internal controls
C. Asset Misappropriation l l Most common type of fraud and often occurs as employee fraud Examples: l l l making charges to expense accounts to cover theft of asset (especially cash) lapping: using customer’s check from one account to cover theft from a different account transaction fraud: deleting, altering, or adding false transactions to steal assets
Kawalan l l Perkara yang boleh dikawal – kos, kuantiti dan masa Asas kawalan l l Peraturan Pasaran Budaya dan tradisi karisma
Kawalan Pentadbiran l Kaedah-kaedah dan prosedur-prosedur personel l l Kawalan-kawalan kualiti l l menjamin agar barang berkualiti tinggi sahaja dijual kepada pelanggan. Garispanduan-garispanduan kerja l l mengambil, melatih dan mengekalkan para pekerja. Memastikan para jurujual mesti melawat pelanggan-pelanggan tertentu dalam sehari. Nisbah-nisbah serta statistik-statistik di jabatan operasi l memeriksa perjalanan operasi
Kawalan Perakaunan l l memastikan urusniaga dilakukan mengikut kelulusan pihak pengurusan. memastikan semua urusniaga yang dilakukan direkod. memastikan akses ke aset-aset dibataskan. memastikan terdapatnya unsur pembandingan berkala antara set-aset yang direkodkan dengan aset-aset fizikal.
Objektif Umum Objektif operasian Objektif kawalan operasi 1. Kelulusan pengurusan Prosedur-prsedur sedia ada dipatuhi. Pesanan belian mestilah ditandatangani oleh pengurus belian. 2. Merekodkan urusniaga Kesemua urusniaga adalah direkod Baucer-baucer debit harian bagi belian-belian dibandingkan dengan laporan penerimaan. 3. Membataskan akses ke aset-aset Hanya orang-orang yang diberi autoriti dibenarkan mengendalikan aset. Kerani inventori tidak melakukan catatan lejer di stor 4. Perbandingan berkala aset direkod dengan Kesemua aset-ast dikira aset fizikal secara fizikal Kira inventori secara fizikal dan bandingkan dengan rekod-rekod inventori
Kawalan Dalaman Kawalan dalaman meliputi plan organisasi dan kesemua kaedah-kaedah serta langkah yang dikoordinasikan dalam sesuatu perniagaan untuk menjaga keselamatan aset, memeriksa ketepatan dan kebenaran data perakaunan serta mendorong supaya polisi yang ditentukan oleh syarikat dipatuhi.
Objektif Kawalan Dalaman l l untuk menjaga keselamatan aset-aset dari dicuri atau hilang. untuk memastikan ketepatan dan kesempurnaan rekod-rekod perakaunan. untuk menggalakkan kecekapan operasi dengan mengurangkan pembaziran dan pertindihan kerja/usaha. untuk mendorong agar prosedur-prosedur dan polisi-polisi syarikat dipatuhi.
Prosedur Kawalan l Primer l langkah-langkah yang berkaitan dengan pemprosesan urusniaga -urusniaga dan penjagaan keselamatan aset. l Contoh l l menyediakan penyata pelarasan atau penyesuaian bank, borang permohonan bahan yang ditandatangani oleh seseorang yang telah diberikan kuasa menentukan agar hanya baucer-baucer jurnal yang diluluskan sahaja yang diposkan ke akaun-akaun lejer. Sekunder l perkara-perkara yang diistilahkan sebagai “persekitaran” kawalan dalaman. l Contoh: penyataan-penyataan polisi syarikat berhubung dengan kawalan-kawalan, kawalan belanjawan dan audit dalaman.
Internal Control Objectives According to AICPA SAS 1. 2. 3. 4. Safeguard assets of the firm Ensure accuracy and reliability of accounting records and information Promote efficiency of the firm’s operations Measure compliance with management’s prescribed policies and procedures
Modifying Assumptions to the Internal Control Objectives l Management Responsibility The establishment and maintenance of a system of internal control is the responsibility of management. l Reasonable Assurance The cost of achieving the objectives of internal control should not outweigh its benefits. l Methods of Data Processing The techniques of achieving the objectives will vary with different types of technology.
Limitations of Internal Controls l l Possibility of honest errors Circumvention via collusion Management override Changing conditions--especially in companies with high growth
Exposures of Weak Internal Controls (Risk) l l Destruction of an asset Theft of an asset Corruption of information Disruption of the information system
The Internal Controls Shield
Preventive, Detective, and Corrective Controls
Jenis-jenis kawalan l l l Preventif l prosedur-prosedur kawalan yang direkabentuk untuk menghalang pekerja-pekerja dari melakukan kesalahan l Contoh: langkah mengasingkan fungsi-fungsi penjagaan dan perekodan aset-aset. Detektif l untuk mengesan kesilapan-kesilapan dan penyelewengan. l Contoh - mewujudkan audit dalaman bagi memeriksa pematuhan kepada prosedur-prosedur yang telah ditentukan dan melaporkan penyelewengan yang berlaku kepada pihak pengurusan. Korektif l memperbetulkan keadaan, mengkaji prosedur-prosedur, dan membuang punca-punca kesalahan dan penyimpangan.
Auditing Standards l l Auditors are guided by GAAS (Generally Accepted Auditing Standards) 3 classes of standards: l l General qualification standards Field work standards Reporting standards For specific guidance, auditors use AICPA SAS (Statements on Auditing Standards)
SAS 78 / COSO Describes the relationship between the firm’s… l internal control structure, l auditor’s assessment of risk, and l the planning of audit procedures How do these three interrelate? The weaker the internal control structure, the higher the assessed level of risk; the higher the risk, the more auditor procedures applied in the audit.
Five Internal Control Components: SAS 78 / COSO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Control environment Risk assessment Information and communication Monitoring Control activities
1: The Control Environment l l l l Integrity and ethics of management Organizational structure Role of the board of directors and the audit committee Management’s policies and philosophy Delegation of responsibility and authority Performance evaluation measures External influences—regulatory agencies Policies and practices managing human resources
2: Risk Assessment l Identify, analyze and manage risks relevant to financial reporting: l l l changes in external environment risky foreign markets significant and rapid growth that strain internal controls new product lines restructuring, downsizing changes in accounting policies
3: Information and Communication l The AIS should produce high quality information which: l l identifies and records all valid transactions provides timely information in appropriate detail to permit proper classification and financial reporting accurately measures the financial value of transactions accurately records transactions in the time period in which they occurred
4: Monitoring The process for assessing the quality of internal control design and operation l l [This is feedback in the general AIS model. ] Separate procedures—test of controls by internal auditors Ongoing monitoring: l computer modules integrated into routine operations l management reports which highlight trends and exceptions from normal performance [red shows relationship to the AIS model]
5: Control Activities l l Policies and procedures to ensure that the appropriate actions are taken in response to identified risks Fall into two distinct categories: l l IT controls—relate specifically to the computer environment Physical controls—primarily pertain to human activities
Ciri-ciri kawalan dalaman 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pekerja yang jujur dan berkebolehan Delegasi dan pengasingan tugas Tatacara yang betul dan tepat Dokumen yang sesuai Kawalan fizikal yang mencukupi Pengesahan bebas
Soalan Perbincangan Syarikat Besta merupakan sebuah syarikat perkilangan. Apabila bahan dipesan, satu salinan pesanan belian akan dihantar ke bahagian penerimaan. Apabila bahan diterima, kerani penerimaan akan merekod penerimaan tersebut dalam salinan pesanan tersebut. Kemudian, ia dihantar ke bahagian akaun untuk tujuan perekodan dalam akaun belum bayar dan belian bahan. Bahan tersebut akan dibawa ke stor dan kuantiti yang diterima akan direkod. l Kenalpasti jenis kesilapan atau manipulasi yang akan wujud
- Prinsip kawalan dalaman
- Objektif sistem
- Definisi gelagat organisasi
- Simbol reka bentuk hiasan dalaman
- Risiko kematian manajemen risiko
- Proses mapping risiko
- Proses mapping risiko
- Risiko kematian manajemen risiko
- Carta aliran proses hirarc
- Halangan dalaman yang boleh membantutkan pencapaian wawasan
- Mata kuliah testing dan implementasi sistem
- Deskripsi mata kuliah statistik
- Materi kuliah organisasi dan manajemen
- Contoh soal usaha dan energi fisika dasar kuliah
- Contoh soal perkembangan peserta didik
- Mata kuliah perencanaan dan pengendalian produksi
- Mata kuliah manajemen investasi dan pasar modal
- Mata kuliah komputer dan masyarakat
- Materi kuliah komputer dan masyarakat
- Materi kuliah konservasi tanah dan air
- Risk grading matrix keselamatan pasien
- 1/2-3/10
- Risiko aktiva tunggal adalah
- Modifikasi syariah pada kerangka risiko dan return
- Pengertian risiko lingkungan
- Contoh analisis risiko kualitatif dan kuantitatif
- Pengertian materialitas
- Estimasi return dan risiko portofolio
- Contoh resiko dinamis
- Contoh kasus risiko reputasi
- Risiko kesehatan kecelakaan mobil dan kecelakaan kerja
- Risiko kesehatan kecelakaan mobil dan kecelakaan kerja
- Eksposur risiko
- Materi materialitas dan risiko audit
- Perbedaan or dan rr
- Estimasi return dan risiko portofolio
- Pengurusan risiko kewangan
- Contoh kasus materialitas dan risiko audit