Krzysztof Kulpa Passive radar Passive Radar Krzysztof Kulpa

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Passive Radar Krzysztof Kulpa Professor Scientific Director Defense and Security Research Center Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Institute of Electronic Systems Warsaw University of Technology Nowoiejska 15/19 00 -665 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: k. kulpa@elka. pw. edu. pl Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Outline Tx Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction to Passive Multistatic Radars Array antenna Direct signal and clutter cancelation Detection Tracking Applications Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Rx Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar WUT is the largest of 18 Polish technical universities Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Public state school Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Warsaw University of Technology Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology 19 faculties Over 30 thousand students ~2500 academic staff Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar WUT Radar Technology Lab Radar Modeling, Signal Processing, Applications Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND • • • • Cooperation with: Passive radar • radar industry Noise radar PITRADWAR FMCW radars • Polish Army Maritime radars • EDA ATC • NATO STO micro-Doppler • International labs NCTR THZ active imaging Active radars (inc. MIMO) Electronically Scanned Antenna T/R modules control and calibration SAR radars (X, W bands 15 m -> 5 cm res. ) ISAR (ships, planes, ground targets) Radar signal simulations ECM/ECCM inc. DRFM Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Active radar detection Advantage: • Mature technology Emission (illumination) • Reliable • Independent Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Echo return Disadvantage: • Target warning • High power consumption • Limited accuracy • Low Pd for low RCS targets Mono-static site Moving target Bi-static Echo return Bi-static site Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar DOA or TDOA Advantage: • Mature technology On board Manmade Emission Moving target • High Accuracy • Covertness Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Disadvantage: • Requires target man-made emissions • High bandwidth data links needed Angle/time estimation sites Warsaw University of Technology Processing Site Data Link Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Passive Coherent Localization NOT PASSIVE !!! Advantage: • No dedicated transmitters • Covert • High Accuracy • No warning of target Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Different illuminators Disadvantage: • Not mature technology • High computational power • High complexity of algorithms • Not fully reliable • Required illuminators of opportunity Mono- or multi-static receivers Processing Site Data Link Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Daventry Experiment Illuminator of opportunity: BBC - Empire Radio Station, 10 k. W, wavelength 49 m Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions 26 February 1935 Arnold Wilkins (operator), A. P. Rowe & Robert Watson Watt. Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Signal processing and Visualisation using oscilloscope Detection range: 8 miles ! Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Klein Heidelberg Target First operational passive radar Germany (1943) Illuminator: Chain Home radar (GB) Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology C C C C Receiver antenna France Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL Radar principles Bi-static detection equation Bi-static detection range Received signal Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Target r. R Detection: Cross-ambiguity function (matched filtering) Warsaw University of Technology r. T r. B Receiver Transmitter r. B= r. R + r. T - r. B Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL Detection range Air surveillance (long range) TV Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology FM Urban operations DAB/DVB-T WIMAX/LAN GSM/GPRS Wi-Fi Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar FM Signal spectrum Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar FM Signal ambiguity Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar DVB-T Signal spectrum Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar DVB-T Signal ambiguity Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar GSM Signal spectrum Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar GSM Signal ambiguity Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL Scenario Ideal case Target echo Main antenna Introduction Coverage Sognals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Reference signal Reference antenna Transmitting antenna Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Coverage prediction P = 10 k. W Bi-static detection range Detection RCS (theoretical) 200 [ d. Bsm] Airliner 150 5 100 transmitter 0 50 [km] Introduction Coverage Signals Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions 10 Fighter 0 -5 receiver -50 -10 Missile -100 Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND -150 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 [km] 50 100 Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh 150 200 -20 Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Array Antenna 8 element FM circular array antenna Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology 3 directional TV antennas Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Digital beamforming 8 element FM circular array antenna 8 x λ/2 dipoles Rectangular window 12 d. B gain, -7 d. B sidelobes d. B Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Lin - polar Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh deg Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Digital beamforming 8 element FM circular array antenna 8 x λ/2 dipoles C windows set 11 d. B gain, -28 sidelobes d. B Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Lin - polar Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh deg Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Digital beamforming 8 element FM circular array antenna 8 x λ/2 dipoles Multi-beamforming 8 beams, -3 d. B crossing Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Digital beamforming 8 element FM circular array antenna 8 x λ/2 dipoles Multi-beamforming 16 beams, -1 d. B crossing Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL Scenario Direct signal Target echo Main antenna Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Direct signal Reference antenna Transmitting antenna Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL Scenario Ground Clutter Target echo Direct signal + clutter Main antenna Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Direct signal Reference antenna Transmitting antenna Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL Scenario Ground Clutter Target echo Main antenna Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Direct signal + Clutter + multipatch and targets in Reference signal Direct signal Reference antenna Indirect Reference signal (multipath) Transmitting antenna Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Bistatic Measurements Range-Doppler correlation results Dynamic 120 d. B Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND • Long observation time (~1 s) • Low/medium range resolution • No angle resolution • High Doppler resolution • Measurement of R, V [, a] • different illuminators of opportunity: FM, DAB, DBVT, GSM, Wi. Max and others Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Targets Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Masking effect Short range target signal masking effects – multiple targets Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Strong echo return can be assumed as a noise signal while detecting long-range targets Target 1 r. R Correlation based detection is optimal only for single target case Receiver r. T Transmitter Target 2 Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Direct power P = 100 k. W R = 10 km p = -11 d. Bm k. TB = -121 d. Bm pt = -146 d. Bm Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Required dynamic Range to noise = 110 d. B to target = 135 d. B Pt=1 MW Pt=10 k. W Correlation gain 40 -60 d. B (only) 70 -100 d. B direct signal and clutter cancelation is required Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Final coverage Detection RCS - near target suppresed 200 [d. Bsm] 10 150 5 100 transmitter 0 Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions [km] 50 0 -5 receiver -50 -100 -150 Warsaw University of Technology -200 -150 -100 -50 0 [km] 50 100 150 200 -20 Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Strong signal masking effect Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND To decrease longrange target detection loses strong target echo removal procedures must be apply 60 50 detection loses [d. B] Near range strong signal can be treated as an additional noise during long-range target detection 40 30 20 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 near/far range ratio Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014 100

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Short distance target masking effect Short distance strong echo masking effect Solution: Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND transmitter 0 Adaptive clutter/targets removal 50 target 0 -5 receiver -50 Requirements: reference and main, multi-path effects 10 5 100 -10 Good channels match Warsaw University of Technology [d. Bsm] 150 [km] Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Detection RCS - near target blinding effect 200 d. Bs m -100 -15 low-150 -200 -150 -100 -50 Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh 0 [km] 50 100 150 200 Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014 -20

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Strong echo removal procedure CLEAN STEP I - Strong echo estimation using maximum of range-Doppler correlation function STEP II - Strong echo removal Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND STEP III – long-range echo estimation using maximum of range-Doppler correlation function STEP IV – test: if strongest echo > limits -> continuation of strong echo removal ( go to STEP II ) Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Strong echo removal effect Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Direct signal antenna base suppression Detection RCS - near target suppresed 200 [d. Bsm] 10 150 5 100 transmitter 0 50 [km] Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Direct signal masking effects and short distance strong echo masking effect taken into consideration target 0 -5 receiver -50 -100 -150 -200 -150 -100 -50 Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh 0 [km] 50 100 150 200 Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014 -20

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Reference channel problems Refrence and Main Receiver response characteristic difference Multipath in reference channel |A| f Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Main antenna Reference signal Reference antenna Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Reference receiver Main receiver DSP PCL processor Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Transmitting antenna Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Why good reference channel is required Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Low target side-lobes Good attenuation of direct signal Good attenuation of ground clutter Adaptive removal of strong targets Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Reference channel equalization methods Knowledge based equalization methods Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Constant amplitude method Methods based on signal structure Digital signal reconstruction Indirect path knowledge base Environment-based method Ground clutter based equalization DSP-based method Maximum contrast methods Reference point equalization Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Reference channel signal restoration Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND A/C Digital decoder Digital coder Restored signal For digital modulation (GSM, Wi. Fi, DAB, DVBT) it is possible to restore original signal by: • decoding the bit-stream • apply the bit-error correction • encode Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Single-antenna system Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions A/C Digital decoder Clutter cancelation Warsaw University of Technology Digital coder Range. Doppler Correlation Restored signal Plot extraction Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL localization For good performance several transmitters are needed Bistatic Increase of sensitivity due to multistatic operation xmeas 1(t) xmeas 2(t) Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Single Transmitter/Receiver pair Range/Angle estimation Poor cross-range resolution Multistatic Multi Transmitter/Receiver pair Range/Angle estimation + Ellipsoid cross-section estimation Good range & cross-range resolution Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL localization Multistatic Single receiver • blind zone possible • zones of low Doppler or range resolution • zones with reduced visibility towards the transmitters • possibility of ghost targets Ghost targets Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Blind zones Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PCL localization Multistatic Multi receiver • Reduced blind zones • High probability of detection/tracking • Data exchange required Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Tracking Two-stage tracker Single-stage tracker Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Combining bistatic measurements from different Tx. Rx pairs Bistatic tracking Plot-track association Kalman filtering Calculating Cartesian coordinates of plots Cartesian Tracking Extended Kalman filtering Tracking Plot-track association Kalman filtering Track verification Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Cartesian Tracking Bistatic Tracks Bistatic Trackers Combining bistatic tracks from different Tx. Rx pairs Time aligment Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Bistatic Plots Cartesian Tracking Extended Kalman filtering Calculating Cartesian coordinates of tracks Track fusion (for NTx. Rx>3) Track verification Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Parallel updating All ellipsoids Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology • Extended Kalman filtering • High dimension of measurement matrices • Bistatic tracking – for primary plot selection • If missing plot in single Tx. Rx pair – Kalman prediction used instead of plot • For asynchronous measurements - interpolation • Filter equations dependant on the number of Tx. Rx pairs Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Serial updating switch one ellipsoid a time Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology • Extended Kalman filtering • Constant dimensionality (low) • Bistatic tracking – for primary plot selection • If missing plot in single Tx. Rx pair – no action is taken • ready for asynchronous measurements • comparable computational power Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Results Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Scenario: Rx -1 Tx -3 Targets - 3 Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar WUT Pa. Ra. De PCL demonstrator FM radio as illuminator of opportunity Plot display Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Correlator display Track display Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PARADE Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PARADE Real time processing Plot display Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Track display Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PARADE Long range tracking: 600 -80 km bistatic Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Bistatic display XY display Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Mobile Pa. Ra. De (2007) Target Transmitter of opportunity Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions R S (t ) t) R T( L(t) R Direct signal and clutter T (t) R Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND PCL system on moving platform (S t) PCL platform Clutter Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Airborne Pa. Ra. De (2008) STAP processing First trials Detected target Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Hardware Antennas Data fusion Multistatic coverage Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar PET-PCL GUNICA PCL Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND 4 mobile radar set Area: 40 x 40 km PCL-PET PIT-RADWAR POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Passive detection based on active radar illumination Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar features (1) • High update rate • FM • DVB-T • GSM • SAT-TV Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND 1 s 0. 1 s 0. 3 s 0. 1 -0. 3 s • High detection range • FM 800 km bistatic • DVB-T 400 km bistatic • GSM 40 km bistatic • No own emission (ARM missile - not a danger) • Possible of exploitation pulse (radar) emitters • Possible of exploitation of over-horizon far transmitters (up to 400 km range) Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar features (2) • Continues illumination on target • no range/Doppler ambiguity • no blind speeds/ranges Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions • NCTR capabilities • ISAR imaging • micro-Doppler analysis • detection of rotor flashes • engine modulation detection Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar features (3) • Detection coverage increase by: Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND • netted PCL radars • data fusion on track level (classical) • data fusion on bistatic track level • data fusion on plot level • data fusion on raw data level • Data link requirements • high data throughput – especially for raw data level fusion • Time synchronization requirements • track/plot level - 1 ms • data level – 10 ns + frequency and phase coherency Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar features (4) • Detection of low RCS targets: • stealth targets • drones /UAV • missiles Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions • Detection of target behavior • acceleration measurement • target split • shape changes Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar features (5) • Multiband operation: Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND • FM radio (88 -108 MHz) • DAB (~200 MHz) • DVB-T (450 -850 MHz) • GSM, LTE. . : 850, 950, 1800, 2100 and others • DVB-S (C, X Ku band) • Satellite radio (C band) • Active radar exploitation • VHF/UHF radar • L band radars (including SSR) • C band radars (including weather radars) • S band radars Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar features (6) • ECM resistant: • wide bandwidth • lack on knowledge where is (are) receivers • high power jammer may be used as illuminator Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND • Jammer tracking • DOA • TDOA (high accuracy) • No transmitter case • Add own FM/DVB-T transmitter • Add high power jammers (NOISE RADAR !) • Relay on neighbors transmitters (up to 400 km range) Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Future of PCL Personal sensors Airborne sensors Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Mobile systems Fixed systems Maritime sensors Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Future conferences in POLAND SPS-2015 Signal Processing Symposium 10 -12 June 2015 Poland, Warsaw/Debe Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar, remote sensing Biomedical signal processing Image processing Security http: //sps 2015. ise. pw. edu. pl Important Dates Papers for reviewing (3 - 4 pages): Notification for Authors: Early participants registration: Full paper submission: SPS 2015: February 10, 2015 March 10, 2015 April 01, 2015 April 21, 2015 June 10 -12, 2015 Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Future conferences in POLAND mrw 2016. org IRS 2016 17 th International Radar Symposium Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology May 10 -12, 2016 Krakow, Poland Chaired by: Krzysztof Kulpa Hermann Rohling http: //mrw 2016. org/en/irs 2016/about-irs Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014

Krzysztof Kulpa, Passive radar Thank you Introduction Coverage Design Antennas Clutter CLEAN Tracking WUT Pa. Ra. De Conclusions Warsaw University of Technology Institute of Electronic Systems POLAND Radar Symposium 2014 , KACST, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 9 -10 December 2014