Kren Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Criminal Investigation © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -1

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Introduction • One of the most important functions of law enforcement agencies is criminal investigation • To the public, detectives and criminal investigators have the “glamour jobs” • Viewed as the most challenging role in police work • Criminal investigation is an exceedingly complex field © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -2

THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho Goals of Criminal Investigation MYRIAD • • • Determine whether a crime has been committed Legally obtain information and evidence Arrest the suspect Recover stolen property Present the best possible case to the prosecutor © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -3

THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho The Investigative Process WHEELS IN MOTION • • • Initiated by an officer’s personal observation Information from a citizen Suspicious action or person The officer responds Patrol officer is typically the investigator © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -4

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION The Preliminary Investigation DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES • • • Attend to any existing emergencies Secure the scene Make necessary arrests Search for evidence Interview victims Record all statements and observations © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -5

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Who Investigates? VARIOUS PERSONNEL Line personnel (officers) Specialized teams Specialized units Crime scene unit (CSU) CSI effect © Henry Cho • • • Unrealistic expectations by public © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -6

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION The Follow-Up Investigation PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS • • • Reviewing and analyzing all previous reports Conducting additional interviews Identifying and apprehending suspects Determining involvement of suspects Checking suspects’ criminal histories Preparing cases for court presentation © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -7

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Evidence SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION • Proxy data • Locard’s principle of exchange • Classification of evidence • • Testimonial Documentary Demonstrative Physical Cont. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -8

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Evidence SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION • Kinds of evidence Fingerprints Blood and hair DNA Digital/electronic evidence Other kinds of evidence • The chain of custody © Henry Cho • • • © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -9

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Forensics DEFICIENCIES • The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) • • Calls for major reforms New research Stronger standards and protocols Scarcity of peer-reviewed studies • The FBI is engaged in improving forensic capabilities © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -10

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Crime Mapping and Analysis ANALYZING FACTS • • • Artificial intelligence (AI) programs Identify hot spots of crime Geographic profiling Cell phone data Data embedded into photographs © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -11

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Investigating Specific Crimes DEFINING CRIME • Misunderstood “borrowing” • FBI’s eight Part I Index offenses • Other serious crimes • • Crimes against children Bias/hate crimes Computer-related crimes Environmental crimes © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -12

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Violent Crimes CONTACT BETWEEN VICTIM AND SUSPECT • Homicide • Premeditation • Equivocal death investigation • Sexual assault • Assault • Robbery © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -13

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Property Crimes LITTLE EVIDENCE AND NO EYEWITNESSES • Burglary • Larceny/theft • Fraud • Motor vehicle theft • Arson • Accelerants • Igniters © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -14

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Other Crimes BEYOND THE INDEX CRIMES • Bias/hate crimes • Environmental crime • Parallel proceedings • Electronic crime and cybercrime • Phishing • Spoofing • False reports © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -15

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Victimless Crimes VICE INVESTIGATIONS • Prostitution and pornography • Escort services • Focus on “johns” • Use of Internet • Gaming • Bookies • Sports pools or sports cards © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -16

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Surveillance, Undercover Assignments, Raids, and Stings TEDIOUS YET DANGEROUS • Surveillance • Undercover assignments • Overt and covert • Light and deep cover • Informants • Raids • Stings © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -17

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Investigation and Community Policing SHIFTING INVESTIGATION WORK • • • Reactive to proactive New investigative structure Problem-solving task forces Stronger ties with the community Citizens become allies Requires a balanced response © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -18

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Problem-Oriented Policing and Investigation SHIFTING INVESTIGATION WORK • • • “The Oakland Airport Motel Program” Scanning Analysis Response Assessment Judge’s commentary © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -19

Kären Matison Hess Christine Hess Orthmann Henry Cho THEORY AND PRACTICE • SIXTH EDITION Summary • The criminal investigation seeks to establish the factual truth surrounding an event • The most critical phase in most criminal investigations is the preliminary investigation • Detectives must be familiar with techniques to investigate specific crimes • The major violent crimes are homicide, rape, assault, and robbery • The major property crimes are burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 -20