Kozier Erbs Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts Process and

Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice TENTH EDITION CHAPTER 1 Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders influencing the development of nursing. 2. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing practice. 3. Discuss the different types of educational programs for nurses. continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes 4. Explain the importance of continuing nursing education. 5. Describe how the definition of nursing evolved since Florence Nightingale. 6. Identify the four major areas of nursing practice. continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes 7. Identify the purposes of nurse practice acts and standards of professional nursing practice. 8. Describe the role of nurses. 9. Describe the expanded career roles and their functions. 10. Discuss the criteria of a profession and the professionalization of nursing. continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes 11. Discuss Benner's levels of nursing expertise. 12. Describe factors influencing contemporary nursing practice. 13. Explain the functions of national and international nurses' associations. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Historical Perspectives • Dramatic change in response to societal needs, influences • Struggle for autonomy and professionalization Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Women's Roles • Care and nurturing of other family members • Subservient, dependent role in community • Throughout nursing’s history, societal attitudes about nurses have evolved, with images such as the poorly educated woman, guardian angel or angel of mercy, Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Religion • Nursing is accepted profession in Islam • Women volunteer to join the military services to nurse the wounded soldiers • The Prophet Mohammad rewarded women who nurses the solders • Nurse where assigned according to competence and experience • Had a good reputation (ALASEYAT – ALAWASY) Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Religion • MUSLIM LEADERS • Aisha Bint Abi Bakr: Battel field and to care of prophet Mohamad at home Rufaiadah bint sa’ad : first Muslim nurse (knowledgeable , skilled , public health) Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

• Roles : • Breast feed infant and raise them on Islamic values (Halimi Alsadiya ) • Splinting • Care of dying • Midwifery Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Religion • Christian values, self-denial, spiritual calling, and devotion to duty and work had a significant impact on nursing. • nurses continue to volunteer to provide care in time of war. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

War • Crimean War § Florence Nightingale received her training in nursing. Florence Nightingale is well known for her service during the Crimean War Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

War • • • American Civil War Harriet Tubman Sojourner Truth Dorothea Dix World War I Harsh environments and new injuries Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 2 Harriet Tubman (1820– 1913) was known as "The Moses of Her People" for her work with the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War she nursed the sick and suffering of her own race. Universal Images Group/Getty Images. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 3 Sojourner Truth (1797– 1883), abolitionist, Underground Railroad agent, preacher, and women's rights advocate, was a nurse for more than 4 years during the Civil War and worked as a nurse and counselor for the Freedmen's Relief Association after the war. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resources, NY. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 4 Dorothea Dix (1802– 1887) was the Union's superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War. Bettman/Corbis. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

War • World War I § Progress in the field of surgery • World War II § Acute shortage of caregivers • Vietnam War § Youngest group of medical personnel to serve in wartime Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Social Attitudes • Before mid-1800 s, woman's place in the home • Victorian era § § Women should be wives and mothers. Negative image Positive image of Florence nightingale Doctor's handmaiden Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Societal Attitudes • Societal attitudes § Nurse as heroine, sex object, surrogate mother, tyrannical mother § 1990 s Tri-Council for Nursing to improve image Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Leaders • Nightingale (1820– 1910) § Improved standards of care for war casualties § Nursing's first scientist-theorist, nurse researcher § Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not § Nightingale Training School for Nurses Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 9 Considered the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale (1820 -1910) was influential in developing nursing education, practice, and administration. Her publication, Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not, first published in England in 1859 and in the United States in 1860, was intended for all women. Classic Clock/Corbis. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Leaders • Barton (1821– 1912) § Volunteer nurse in American Civil War § Establishment of American Red Cross • Richards (1841– 1930) § America's first trained nurse § Initiated practice of wearing uniforms Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 10 Clara Barton (1821– 1912) organized the American Red Cross, which linked with the International Red Cross when the U. S. Congress ratified the Geneva Convention in 1882. © Bettman/CORBIS. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 11 Linda Richards (1841– 1930) was America's first trained nurse. National League for Nursing Records. 1894– 1952. Located in: Archives and Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 274. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Leaders • Mahoney (1845– 1926) § First African American professional nurse § Worked for acceptance and equal opportunity Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 12 Mary Mahoney (1845– 1926) was the first African American trained nurse. Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture/NYPL/Art Resource. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Leaders • Dock (1858– 1956) § Protest movements for women's rights § Legislation to allow nurses control their own profession • Precursor to National League of Nursing • Sanger (1879– 1966) § Considered founder of Planned Parenthood Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 14 Nursing leader and suffragist Lavinia L. Dock (1858– 1956) was active in the protest movement for women's rights that resulted in the constitutional amendment in 1920 that allowed women to vote. Courtesy of The Gottesman Libraries at Teachers College, Columbia University. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 15 Nurse activist Margaret Sanger (1879– 1966), considered the founder of Planned Parenthood, was imprisoned for opening the first birth control information clinic in Baltimore in 1916. © Bettman/CORBIS. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Men in Nursing • Schools of nursing for men in U. S. from late 1880 s to 1969 • American Assembly for Men in Nursing (AAMN) § Originally National Male Nurses Association § Recruitment, retention by changing image of male nurses Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Men in Nursing • Luther Christman § Discrimination because of gender § First man to be a dean at a university school of nursing • Barriers § Image of femininity § Belief that only homosexual men are nurses § Suspicion surrounding intimate touch Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Education • Controlled by state boards of nursing and professional organizations • Originally taught knowledge and skills for hospital practice • Now more varied practice settings, critical thinking, health promotion and maintenance Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Education • NCLEX-RN exam, verified completion of prescribed course of study § Accredited programs • Licensure • Mutual recognition, multistate compact Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Types of Education Programs • Licensed practical (vocational) nursing programs § Classroom, clinical experience for 9– 12 months § NCLEX-PN Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Types of Education Programs • Registered nursing programs § Diploma • Three-year programs • Have declined steadily since 1965 § Associate degree • Most take place in community colleges § Baccalaureate degree continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Types of Education Programs • Registered nursing programs § Baccalaureate degree • Approximately 34% of RNs • Some accelerated programs for those who have a baccalaureate degree in another field • BSN completion programs for those with diploma, associate degree • Generally more autonomy, responsibility, career advancement Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Types of Education Programs • Graduate nursing programs § Master's degree § Doctoral programs • Ph. D • Faculty roles in nursing education, research(assistance, associate , full prof) • DNP • Highest degree for nurse clinicians Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Definitions of Nursing • Common themes Caring Art/science Client centered, holistic, and adaptive Concerned with health promotion, and health maintenance § Helping profession § § Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Recipients of Nursing Care • Consumer • Patient § Person waiting for, undergoing medical treatment and care • Client § Person who engages in advice, services of another who is qualified to provide service § Increasingly used over patient Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Scope of Nursing • Promotion of health and wellness § Individual and community activities to enhance health lifestyles • Prevention of illness § Immunizations § Prenatal and infant care § Prevention of STIs Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Scope of Nursing • Restoring health § Direct care to ill person § Diagnostic and assessment procedures § Consulting other health care professionals § Teaching clients recovery activities § Rehabilitating clients to optimal functional level Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Scope of Nursing • Care for the dying § Comforting people of all ages § In homes, hospitals, extended care facilities, and hospices Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Settings for Nursing Acute care hospitals Clients' homes Community agencies Ambulatory clinics Long-term care facilities Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) • Nursing practice centers • • • Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 1– 20 Nurses practice in a variety of settings. (Bottom middle) Lisa S. /Shutterstock. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nurse Practice Acts • Legal acts • Regulated by state or area of jurisdiction(authority ) • Common purpose to protect the public Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Standards of Nursing Practice • ANA American Nurses Association Standards of Practice § Standards of Professional Performance • Specialty nursing organizations Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Roles and Functions of Nurses • Caregiver § Assist client physically and psychologically while preserving client's dignity • Communicator § Identify client problems and communicate them to other members of the health care team Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Roles and Functions of Nurses • Teacher § Help clients learn about health and health care procedures to restore or maintain health • Client advocate § Represent, protect the client's needs and wishes Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Roles and Functions of Nurses • Counselor § Help client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, develop improved relationships, and promote personal growth • Change agent § Assist clients to make modifications in behavior Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Roles and Functions of Nurses • Leader § Influence others to work together to accomplish specific goal(s) • Manager § Manage care of individuals, families, and communities § Delegate nursing activities Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Roles and Functions of Nurses • Case manager § Work with or act as primary nurse to oversee care of specific caseload • Research consumer § Use research to improve client care Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Expanded Career Roles • • Nurse practitioner Clinical nurse specialist Nurse anesthetist Nurse midwife Nurse researcher Nurse administrator Nurse educator continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criteria of a Profession • Profession § Occupation that requires extensive education § Special knowledge, skill, and preparation • Professionalism § Professional character, spirit, methods • Professionalization § Process of becoming professional Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criteria of a Profession • Specialized education § Hospital diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate degree, master's degree, and doctoral degree • Body of knowledge § Nursing conceptual frameworks • Service orientation § Altruism and service to others § Guided by rules, policies, ethics Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criteria of a Profession • Ongoing research § Contemporary practice-related issues • Code of ethics § Integrity • Member expected to do what is considered right regardless of personal cost Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Criteria of a Profession • Autonomy § Self-regulating § Setting standards for members § Independence at work, responsibility, accountability for one's actions • Professional organization § Governance Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Socialization to Nursing • Socialization § Interactions with fellow students establish level and direction of effort, goals, and activities; develop solidarity • Students bound together by feelings of mutual cooperation, support, and solidarity Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Benner's Stages of Nursing Expertise • • • Stage Stage I: Novice II: Advanced beginner III: Competent IV: Proficient V: Expert Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice • Social forces • Affects entire health care system Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Quality and Safety in Health Care • Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) § six competencies • • • Patient-centered care Teamwork and collaboration Evidence-based practice Quality improvement Safety Informatics Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Consumer Demands • Consumers more aware of others' needs for care § Minority groups, poor • Changing public concepts of health § Right of all people, not a privilege for the rich • Active participants in making decisions about health and nursing care Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Family Structure • Need for and provision of nursing services in context of new structures • Single parents rearing children • Young families living far from own parents • Adolescent mothers need specialized nursing services. Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Science and technology • Actions of new drug therapies, genetic technology • Some nurses required to be highly specialized • Space program technology adapted into health care aids Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Information, Telehealth, and Telenursing • Internet's influence on health care • Telehealth § Medical information exchanged via electronic communications to improve patient's health status • Telenursing § Provide nursing practice at a distance • No state boundaries § Licensure issues Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Current Nursing Shortage • Depends on location, setting • Difficulty in declining economy • New graduates not being interviewed at hospitals § High turnover rate Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Associations • Voluntary accreditation § Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) § Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) • American Nurses Association—Political Action Committee § Organization to lobby for legislation affecting health care Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Organizations • American Nurses Association § National professional organization for nursing in the U. S. founded 1896 § Official journal American Nurse Today § Official newspaper The American Nurse • National League for Nursing § Formed 1952 § Individuals and agencies § Continuing education services continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Organizations • International Council of Nurses § Established 1899 § National organizations working together for mission of representing nursing worldwide • National Student Nurses Association § Formed in 1953 § Student must be in state-approved nursing education program to qualify continued on next slide Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Nursing Organizations • International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau § Founded 1922 § Professional rather than social § Potential members hold bachelor's degree minimum, demonstrate achievement in nursing Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Tenth Edition Audrey Berman | Shirlee Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved