Korea beyond East Asia Korean Academy of Psychotherapists
Korea beyond East Asia Korean Academy of Psychotherapists (KAP) and Global Research Institute at Korea University Graduate School of International Studies September 2, 2013 Kent E. Calder Director The Edwin O. Reischauer Center for East Asian Studies The Johns Hopkins University SAIS
My Mentor : Edwin O. Reischauer Oct 15, 1910~Sep 1, 1990
With George M. Mc. Cune, Reischauer in 1939 published the Mc. Cune-Reischauer system for Romanization of the Korean language which became the most widely used system for many years. Reischauer called the Korean alphabet ( Hangul )Korean "perhaps the most scientific system of writing in general use in any language
Korea in Washington
Perceptions And Incentives Note: These numbers are tallies of responses, not number of respondents, because of mixed races.
Lobbying Activity A. Law Firms B. Think Tanks and Mass Media C. Embassy Efforts D. Support Bodies E. High-Level Visits
Think Tanks & Mass Media Major think tanks and US mass media in Washington, DC Think Tanks AEI Brookings CSIS Heritage US Mass Media LA Times New York Times Wall Street Journal Washington
Think Tanks & Mass Media • Name Korea-related Think Tanks in Washington, DC Description Link News Korea Economic. Through its publications, outreach programs, and website, http: //keia. or Institute of America KEI offers access to current information and analysis about g/ (KEI) issues that affect the bilateral relationship and Korea. The Asia Society is the leading global organization working to strengthen relationships and promote understanding among the people, leaders, and institutions of Asia and the United States. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) - Korea Chair The CSIS Korea Chair will convene public and private http: //csis. or sector stakeholders in Washington and Seoul, and advance a g/program/k greater understanding of Korean policy issues to orea-chair policymakers and the public at large http: //www. asiasociety. o rg The U. S. -Korea Institute (USKI) at SAIS is part of an Stephen Bosworth, former U. S. ambassador to extensive program which began in 2006 to make the SAIS a http: //uskore U. S. Korea Institute the Republic of Korea and negotiator on North hub of Korea-related activities in the DC area, and to ainstitute. or at SAIS Korea's nuclear program, became the new increase information and understanding of Korea and Korean g chairman of the USKI on 1 July 2013. affairs in the United States in general. East-West Center in Washington enhances US engagement and dialogue with the Asia-Pacific region through access to the programs and expertise of the Center and policy relevant research, publications and outreach activities, including those of the US Asia-Pacific Council. http: //www. eastwestcent er. org/ewcinwashington
Embassy Efforts • The Ministry of Culture and Information inaugurated the Korea Culture and Information Service in 1971, which runs www. korea. net, which provides information and advertises Korea-related events throughout the world. • The embassy issues a monthly newsletter, US-Korea Connect.
Support Bodies: KEI • The Korea Economic Institute (KEI) is an “educational outreach institute that concentrates its activities on public policy issues…KEI does not lobby and does not advocate particular policies. ” • The KEI is funded by ROK public funds through the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP), a think tank in Seoul. • The KEI holds many joint events with universities and research institutes; most programs are free and open to the public. • The KEI’s activities and research are not limited to economics but cover all aspects of the US-ROK relationship.
. Support Bodies: KORUS House • The Korean Cultural Center Washington D. C (also known as the KORUS house) was founded in 1962 as the Public Affairs Office for the Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Washington, D. C. . It re-opened formally in December 2009.
Support Bodies: KORUS House • “Since 2009, the Korean Cultural Center Washington D. C. has strived to inform and communicate the spirit of Korean culture to the American society through a variety of activities. … By exploring the contents on this site, visitors will be able to gain a greater understanding of Korea’s literature, traditional arts, performing arts, and culture as a whole. Information concerning hot topics such as K-pop, Korean movies, Taekwondo, and Korean language classes can also be found on our website. ”
High-level Visits • High-Level Visits to Washington from ROK, 2008 -2013
Indicators of Influence A. Speeches to Congress B. KORUS Agreement and Ratification C. Visa and Immigration D. Education E. Historical Issues 8 May 2013 President Park addresses a joint session of the US Congress.
Speeches to Congress • Asian/US military allies’ speeches to joint sessions of congress Number of Speeches by Country 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 an Ta iw n pa Ja in a Ch nd la ai Th et na m e So ut h Vi po r ss ia Sin ga Ru ne s ia n ta In do kis Pa Ph ilip pi ne s di a In a re Ko Isr ae l 0 Chart created with data from source: “List of joint sessions of the United States Congress. ” Retrieved 14 July 2013 from Wikipedia: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress
Speeches to Congress • ROK Presidents’ Speeches to Joint Sessions of Congress Type Date Occasion Dignitary speaking 83 rd Joint meeting July 28, 1954 Address Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea 101 st Joint meeting October 18, 1989 Address Roh Tae-woo, President of South Korea 104 th Joint meeting July 26, 1995 Address Kim Young-sam, President of South Korea 105 th Joint meeting June 10, 1998 Address Kim Dae-jung, President of South Korea 112 th Joint meeting October 13, 2011 Address Lee Myung-bak, President of South Korea 113 th Joint meeting Address Park Geun-hye, President of the Republic of Korea May 8, 2013
KORUS Agreement and Ratification • List of US Free Trade Agreements (with Asian countries): Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement (incl. Palestinian Authority; 1985) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (incl. Canada and Mexico; 1994) Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement (2001) Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement (2004) Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement (2004) Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement (2004) Bahrain–United States Free Trade Agreement (2006) Morocco-United States Free Trade Agreement (2006) Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement (2006) Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement (2007) Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA; incl. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic; 2005) Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement (2011) United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement (2011) United States–Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement (2011)
Visa and Immigration • “The Visa Waiver Program (VWP) enables nationals of participating countries to travel to the United States for tourism or business…for stays of 90 days or less without obtaining a visa • ROK nationals became eligible for the VWP on 17 November 2008
Education
Historical Issues • Comfort women: activities in Washington DC Dec 1992 - Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues, Inc. is formed. Nov 1993 - Twenty-four members of US Congress write to Japanese Prime Minister Hosokawa urging his government to investigate the sexual slavery of Comfort Women. June 1994 - Large protests on behalf of Comfort Women and other victims on Japanese war crimes confront Japan's emperor Akihito during his visit to San Francisco, Washington, DC, Atlanta, and New York City. Dec 1996 - A immediate News Release by US Department of Justice announcing Suspected Japanese War Criminals Placed on "Watch List" for the first time. The men on the watch list are prohibited from entering the U. S. June 1998 - WCCW hosted the exhibit; "Comfort Women of WWII: An Indisputable Tragedy" at the Rotunda of Cannon House Office Building, Washington, DC. It was supported by congressional caucuses and international human rights organizations. The opening of this exhibit coincided with a visiting delegation of surviving Comfort Woman, as well as an internationally respected historians, traveling to the United States to testify before Congress. Sep 2000 - Fifteen former Comfort Women from Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines filed a lawsuit in the U. S. District Court in Washington, D. C. , using the Alien Tort Claims Act of 1787. This is the first time the issue of military sexual slavery was addressed in the U. S. Courts, as well as the first time Japan is named as a defendant. Jan - Sep 2005 - WCCW jointly with nationwide human right groups, launched a worldwide signature campaign to reject the Japanese bid for a permanent seat on the U. N. Security Council. Sep 2006: H. Res. 759, bi-partisan measure was passed by Int’l Foreign Affaires Committee unanimously Feb 2007: The House Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on the Asia, the Pacific and the Global Environment held a hearing on “Protecting the Human Right of Comfort Women”. April 3, 2007: the Congressional Research Service (CRS) issued a 23 -page report entitled, “Japanese Military’s ‘Comfort Women’ System. ” 2012: On July 24, Korean American Civic Empowerment (former Korean American Voters' Council) conducted the 5 th Anniversary of the Comfort Women Resolution (H. Res. 121), which was passed on July 30, 2007 at US Capitol Visitor Center. Source: Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues, http: //www. comfort-women. org/history. html
Historical Issues • Territorial issues: Dokdo According to Hosaka Yuji, a naturalized Korean and Sejong Universtiy professor, Japan has been much more successful in courting the key academics and experts on the issue; he suspects that the Korean government and Embassy personnel have only conducted surface-level lobby with American officials in emphasizing Korea’s sovereignty over Dokdo, which cannot compete with Japan’s stealthy but effective lobby (Source: http: //news. donga. com/3/all/20080730/8609538/1) In July 2008, the U. S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) changed the name of the country to which Liancourt Rocks belong from South Korea to Undesignated Sovereignty and also changed the name from "Dokdo" to "Liancourt Rocks". Responding to this change, Gonzalo R. Gallegos, Acting Deputy Spokesman of the U. S. State Department, said on July 28, 2008 that the United States has long maintained a policy stance of neutrality on the islets, and that the latest change does not represent any policy change within the U. S. government. The same change that classified Liancourt Rocks as Undesignated Sovereignty in the BGN database was reversed on July 30 under the order of U. S. President George W. Bush, once again marking the status of Liancourt Rocks under South Korean control.
The New Continentalism : Emerging Challenge and opportunity for Korea
The energy foundation for Eurasian continentalism Kazakhstan Oil: 1 Gas; 5 Russia. Oil: 7 Gas: 1 Iran Oil: 3 Gas; 2 Saudi Arabia Oil: 1 Gas; 5 China Korea 2010 2030 253 312 India 524 772 2010 2030 Japan 501 500 2010 2030 3681 2432 The major consumer nations (China, India, Japan, and Korea) and producer countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia) lie adjacent to one another. 2010 2030 Eurasian Petro states Energy-Insecure Asia
The Continentalist shift in China’s domestic energy demand ( 2000 -2010 ) 2000 2010 Region with electricity consumption 100 billion kw/h
THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA – CONTRASTING OIL EXPORT AND IMPORT POLES (2009 -2030) (Unit: Million Barrels per day)
A generation of transition in the Eurasian giants: critical juncture, 1973 -1999 RUSSIA (1991, 1999) KAZAKHSTAN (1991– 2) BLACK SEA (Xinjiang) CASPIAN SEA MEDITERRA NEAN SEA CHINA (1978) (Tibet) SAUDI ARABIA (1993– 5) RED SEA Dubai ARABIAN SEA INDIA (1991)
Mackinder’s geographical pivot. ICY SEA PIVOT AREA OUTER DESERT LAND OF OUTER OR INSULAR CRESCENT
Energy linkages within strategic triangle 2000 vs. 2010
2% Oil PROVEN HYDROCARBON RESERVES OF THE PERSIAN GULF AND RUSSIA & Gulf Gas Oil Gulf 36% Others R U. S. 12% Russia 60% & Persian Gulf Others Gulf 32% G u R l U. S. f 4% Russia 64% & Persian Gulf
Oil and gas concentrations around the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea
Sea Lanes from the Persian Gulf to East Asia Strait of Hormuz Strait of Malacca Energy Sea Lanes
Central Asian pipeline prospects Extend west, south, and east
EXPANDING CENTRAL ASIAN TRADE WITH RUSSIA, CHINA, (1992 -2009) Trade with Russia AND TURKEY (Unit: $million) 1990 2009/2000 Russia/Azerbaijan 650. 5* 347. 6 1, 618. 1 4. 7 Russia/Uzbekistan 112, 089*** 233, 261 837, 896 3. 6 Russia/Kazakhstan 41, 146** 101, 757 350, 678 3. 4 Trade with China (Unit: $million) 1990 2009/2000 PRC/Azerbaijan 0. 4* 28. 0 724. 4 25. 9 PRC/Uzbekistan 4* 18, 829 81, 464 4. 3 PRC/Kazakhstan 10, 004** 9, 572 50, 353 4. 2 Trade with Turkey (Unit: $million) 1990 2009/2000 Turkey/Azerbaijan 214. 3* 233. 5 2, 223. 8 9. 5 Turkey/Uzbekistan 245. 5** 168. 4 692. 1 4. 1 Turkey/Kazakhstan 130. 9** 465. 1 1, 710. 6 3. 7
The concentration of high oil R/P ratios in the Gulf. Kazakhstan (64. 9) Iraq (127. 4 Kuwait (115. 2 ) Libya (73. 4) Venezuela (199. 0) Iran (89. 4) Saudi Arabia(74. 6 UAE (107. 6) Qatar (54. 7)
The World from Kashgar 1450 miles 1275 miles Gwadar 525 miles Kabul Hormuz Strait Beijing Kashgar Shanghai
THE HISTORIC POST-COLD WAR CONTINENTALIST SHIFT IN RUSSIAN TRADE (1992 -2009) Russia-US 8. 0 Russia-China/India 6. 0 4. 0 2. 0 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons in Eurasia.
In Conclusion
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