Konferencija Ekonomina potronja goriva u Crnoj Gori Stanje

Konferencija “Ekonomična potrošnja goriva u Crnoj Gori” Stanje voznog parka lakih motornih vozila u vezi sa emisijama CO 2 i potrošnjom goriva Prof. dr Danilo Nikolić Hotel “Podgorica”, Podgorica, 20. novembar, 2015.

Global individual mobility

Global Energy Consumption

Total vehicle fleet

Environmental impact of exhaust emission Local impact (CO, HC, NOx) Ü posljedice na zdravlje ljudi; izduvna emisija iz vozila čini 70% ukupnih zagađivača u gradskim zonama; Ü smog i smanjenje vidljivosti. Regional impact (SO 2, PM, HC, NOx) Ü kisele kiše; vozila doprinose 17, 4% emisiji oksida azota i sumpor dioksida Ü šteta po cijeli eko-sistem i materijale. Global impact (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, PM) Ü globalno zagrijavanje i klimatske promjene; smanjenje ozonskog omotača

Typical exhaust emission from Gasoline engine

Typical exhaust emission from Diesel engine

CO 2 - What is it? • Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is a non-toxic gas which is produced by natural sources and human activity. • Typical process which produce CO 2 is burning of fossil fuel. • Other carbon emission from engine include CH 4 and soot

CO 2 - What is an issue? • It is a non toxic Greenhouse Gas which contributes to global warming • Human activity and consequent energy use raise the level of CO 2 in the atmosphere. • Globalisation has lead to an increase in trade and transport. • Reducing CO 2 emissions is a global issue and everyone needs to take their respective responsibilities.

CO 2 - Who produces globally http: //www. theicct. org/state-of-cleantransport-policy-2014

CO 2 - Who produces in EU Emission of CO 2 in transport sector in EU (http: //climatepolicyinfohub. eu/)

CO 2 - Who produces in Montenegro [CATEGORY NAME], [PERCENTAGE] Emission of CO 2 in transport sector in Montenegro (Drugi nacionalni izvještaj Crne Gore o klimatskim promjenama)

Factors affecting fuel consumption

Fuel consumption vs Vehicle speed Source http: //j. mp/speed_mpg

CO 2 emission vs Vehicle speed Emission vs vehicle speed

Elements determining the environmental impacts of traffic

TECHNOLOGY ORIENTATION Energy efficiency – improved IC engine technologies Alternative powertrains – Hybrids, EVs, FCs Alternative fuels – biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane etc

Energy efficiency Example map of energy flows in a vehicle

Key engine technologies to promote energy efficiency

Key vehicle technologies to promote energy efficiency

Hybrid and electrical vehicles

Alternative fuels Petroleum gas (LPG) - is used to describe a gas produced when refining petroleum, typically supplied as a variable mix of propane and butane. EN 589 / MEST EN 589 Natural gas (CNG) - is used to describe a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane.

LARGEST LPG FLEETS BY COUNTRY 2013

Alternative renewable fuels / biofuels A number of directives and standards cover biofuels use in the EU including the Biofuels Directive 2003/30/EC Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC Fuel Quality Directive 2009/30/EC EN 228 / MEST EN 228 EN 590 / MEST EN 590 Biodiesel Bioethanol Biogas - is used to describe the gas made in anaerobic digesters or land fill sites typically 65% methane and 35% carbon dioxide, with contaminants Biomethane – is upgraded biogas. the upgrade process removes the contaminants and the majority of the carbon dioxide removed. Biomethane is typically 97% methane, 2% carbon dioxide and 1% oxygen Bio. DME

EU passenger car fleet by fuel type

Montenegrin vehicle fleet by fuel type Eurosuper 95 Eurosuper 98 Eurodizel Auto Gas 1% 40% 58% 0% Potrošnja energenata u drumskom saobraćaju Crnoj Gori, 2013

EU passanger car fleet age Passenger car fleet by country and age, % SHARE / 2012

Montenegro passanger car fleet age 0% 20% 40% 60% <2 2 - 5. 80% 5 - 10. > 10 Passenger car fleet age in Montenegro % SHARE / 2013 100% 120%

Average CO 2 of new passanger cars

Average CO 2 of new passanger cars in EU 180 170 160 gr CO 2/km 150 140 130 120 110 Year 100 2005. g. 2010. g. Benzin 2011. g. Dizel 2012. g. 2013. g. Alternativni pogon Average CO 2 of new passanger cars in EU per fuel type CO 2/km, (EEA)

New registrations projections Projekcije godišnje prodaje putničkih i lakih teretnih vozila (do 3. 5 t) prema vrsti tehnologije do 2050, izvor IEA 2010

Possible solutions to lower CO 2 in Montenegro regarding vehicle technology Renewing old car fleet (EURO 6 standard instead of EURO 5) Promoting alternative renewable fiels / biofuels through implementation of EU fuel standards EN 590 and EN 228 Promoting alternative powertrains

POLICY MAKING - INFRASTRUCTURE Road congestion increases CO 2 emissions by 300%. Congestion is responsible for 100 billion litres of wasted fuel in the United States alone and is a source of unecessary CO 2 emissions!

Road congestion increases fuel consumption (40 tonne truck) Source: VDA, 2000

Number of cars by municipality in Montenegro Žabljak Šavnik Ulcinj Tivat Rožaje Podgorica Plužine Pljevlja Plav Nikšić Mojkovac Kotor Kolašin Herceg Novi Danilovgrad Cetinje Budva Bijelo Polje Berane Bar Andrijevica 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 LDV by municipality in Montenegro, 2013 60000 70000

Congestion bottlenecks in Montenegro

Podgorica downtown congestion

Summertime congestion in Kotor bay Combination of road and maritime traffic issue

Possible solutions to congestion in MNE reducing the use of private cars improved public transportation system introduction of trams in Podgorica introduction of solar vessels for public transportation in Kotor bay promoting other mobility types eg. walking, bicycle the introduction of vignettes (downtown Podgorica and old town Kotor) carsharing (Podgorica and coastline in summer) bikesharing (Podgorica and coastline in summer) building bypass around the Podgorica and coastal cities

POLICY MAKING – TAXATION Vehicle taxation Taxes on acquisition Taxes on ownership Taxes on motoring Alternative powertrains incetives

Examples of taxes on acquisition in EU

Examples of taxes on ownership (annual circulation tax) in EU

Examples of taxes on motoring in EU

Overview of purchase and tax incentives for EV in EU 2015

Possible solutions to lower CO 2 in Montenegro regarding tax incentives Implementing CO 2 taxation Implementing incentives for hybrid vehicles Implementing incentives for alternative fuels vehicles

DRIVER BEHAVIOUR Driver behaviour – eco driving Anticipate traffic flow Maintain a steady speed at low RPM Shift up early Check tyre pressures frequently at least once a month and before driving at high speed Consider any extra energy required costs fuel and money Additional tips – eco driving Turn off engine at short stops Do not increase vehicle weight Do not worsen the aerodynamics of vehicles Rarely used assistive devices in the vehicle that consume fuel

Questions ?

Thank you