KOMUNIKASI BISNIS INTERNASIONAL Pertemuan ke1 24 1 Disarikan

KOMUNIKASI BISNIS INTERNASIONAL Pertemuan ke-1 24 -1 Disarikan dari : © 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11/e Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph. D. Carroll College, Waukesha, WI Shapiro, Wahono, Mamduh, Antriyandarti dan Sumber Relevan lainnya

Komunikasi Bisnis Internasional 24 -2

Pertemuan 1 PENGANTAR BISNIS INTERNASIONAL 24 -3

Pengertian u a. Bisnis adalah pertukaran barang, jasa, atau uang yang saling menguntungkan atau memberikan manfaat. u b. Bisnis Internasional Bisnis internasional adalah bisnis yang kegiatan-kegiatannya melewati batas negara. 24 -4

KEKUATAN PENGUBAH LINGKUNGAN PERSAINGAN GLOBAL u Semakin terbukanya ekonomi global dan perkembangnya pasar bebas u Munculnya kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi baru u Perkembangan dan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi u Perkembangan sistem keuangan global 24 -5

GLOBALISASI EKONOMI DUNIA: BEBERAPA TREN TERAKHIR 1. Deregulasi yg Masive pasar semakin terbuka 2. Mundurnya komonism semakin mengikuti mekanisme Pasar 3. Munculnya pasar 2 keuangan yang terglobalisasi: integrasi yang cepat atas pasar 2 modal dan keuangan. u 24 -6 Globalisasi pasar keuangan ini awal-nya datang dari pemerintah 2 negara utama yang mulai menderegulasi pasar 2 valas dan modalnya.

GLOBALISASI EKONOMI DUNIA: BEBERAPA TREN TERAKHIR 4. Munculnya Euro sebagai mata uang global dan mata uang kuat lainnya. 5. Liberalisasi perdagangan & integrasi ekonomi: Fenomena munculnya GATT, WTO, EU, NAFTA, MEA. 6. Privatisasi: suatu negara menjual kepemilikan & operasinya atas suatu bisnis dengan mengalihkannya kepada sistem pasar bebas. 24 -7

International Business Methods International trade involves exporting and/or importing. Licensing allows a firm to provide its technology in exchange for fees or some other benefits. Franchising obligates a firm to provide a specialized sales or service strategy, support assistance, and possibly an initial investment, in exchange for periodic fees. 24 -8

International Business Methods Firms may also penetrate foreign markets by engaging in a joint venture (joint ownership and operation) with firms that reside in those markets. Acquisitions of existing operations in foreign countries allow firms to quickly gain control over foreign operations as well as a share of the foreign market. 24 -9

International Business Methods Firms can also penetrate foreign markets by establishing new foreign subsidiaries. u Many MNCs use a combination of methods to increase international business. I In general, any method of conducting business that requires a direct investment in foreign operations is referred to as a direct foreign investment (DFI). 24 -10

International Opportunities Cost-Benefit Evaluation for Purely Domestic Firms versus MNCs Purely Domestic Firm Investment Opportunities Marginal Return on Projects MNC Purely Domestic Firm Marginal Cost of Capital Financing Opportunities Appropriate Size for Purely Domestic Firm X 24 -11 MNC Y Appropriate Size for MNC Asset Level of Firm

What is a multinational corporation? u. A corporation that operates in two or more countries. u Decision making within the corporation may be centralized in the home country, or may be decentralized across the countries the corporation does business in. 24 -12

Perusahaan Multinasional 24 -13 u Pengertian fisik: Perusahaan yang beroperasi di lebih dari satu negara. Operasi di 150 negara bukan merupakan hal yang aneh untuk perusahaan multinasional. u Pengertian perilaku (behavioral): Perusahaan dijalankan oleh manajer global, yang berusaha mengoptimalkan sumberdaya di dunia, melakukan koordinasi strategis untuk optimasi sumberdaya tersebut.

Why do firms expand into other countries? 24 -14 u To seek new markets (Mc. D, Nestle, Levi S) u To seek new supplies of raw materials Exxon, Freeport, British Petroleum). u To gain new technologies. u To gain production efficiencies (Intel, Samsung). u To avoid political and regulatory obstacles. u To reduce risk by diversification.

Theories of International Business (Alasan lainnya) Why are firms motivated to expand their business internationally? Theory of Comparative Advantage u Specialization by countries can increase production efficiency. Imperfect Markets Theory u The markets for the various resources used in production are “imperfect. ” 24 -15

Theories of International Business Why are firms motivated to expand their business internationally? Product Cycle Theory u As a firm matures, it may recognize additional opportunities outside its home country. 24 -16

The International Product Life Cycle Firm creates product to accommodate local demand a. Firm differentiates product from competitors and/or expands product line in foreign country 24 -17 Firm exports product to accommodate foreign demand or b. Firm’s foreign business declines as its competitive advantages are eliminated Firm establishes foreign subsidiary to establish presence in foreign country and possibly to reduce costs

What are the major factors that distinguish multinational from domestic financial management? 24 -18 u Currency differences u Economic and legal differences u Language differences u Cultural differences u Government roles u Political risk

Part I The International Financial Environment 24 -19

Cash Flow of the Overall MNC 24 -20

Centralized Multinational Financial Management 24 -21

Decentralized Multinational Financial Management for an MNC with two subsidiaries, A and B 24 -22