Knjiga je mrtva Zivjela knjiga Osvrt na elektronike

Knjiga je mrtva! Zivjela knjiga! Osvrt na elektroničke knjige (e-knjige) – tehnologija, rast, upotrebe Tefko Saracevic, Ph. D http: //comminfo. rutgers. edu/~tefko/ Tefko Saracevic 1

Centralna ideja: tehnoloske transformacije Knjige Knjiznice • Vecina digitizacija knjiga u • Knjige se knjiznicima su srazmjerno u mjenjaju– malom broju – micro ili cak nano u tranziciji od stampane do • Masovna digitalizacija knjiga je na industrijskoj skali elektronicke – uzrukujuci industrijsku revoluciju – od s-knjiga do e-knjiga • I s time VELIKE promjene u • I s njima i knjiznice Tefko Saracevic tehnologiji, uslugama, upotrebi u knjizinicama 2

U Hrvatskoj Za sada Ali uskoro • Ne osjecaju se jos te promjene i vece upotrebe e-knjiga • Ali postoji velika, opca upotreba etehnologije i mreza • Dolazi… dolazi… i doci ce • Ima vec dosta projekata • Korisno je znati i pripremiti se za to • Knjiznice mogu prednjaciti Tefko Saracevic 3

Puno prorocanstava Knjiga In Memoriam! e. Knjiga Novo rodjenje! Novo doba! Uskrsnuce! “Proricanje je vrlo tesko, narocito o buducnosti” Tefko Saracevic Niels Bohr (1885 -1962) 4

O nestanku stampane knjige (s-knjige) • Mnoge elegije u svjetskim novinama, magazinima, blogovima • Lamentacije kako dozivljavamo knjigu – ne samo u citanju • U s-knjigama imamo na kupu i vidiku, na policama • e. Knjige: nista fizikalnog, nema kupa, niti dodira – fizicki osjecaj knjige – cak i miris Tefko Saracevic 5

Primjerak medjunarodnih clanaka Tefko Saracevic 6

Primjerak znanstvenih studija Tefko Saracevic 7

Knjige: kratak pogled unatrag Civilizacije, kulture Tehnologija • Odkad su se pojavile – pred nekih 3 millenija knjige su bile krticine za sve civilizacije koje su imale pismo • Od pocetka do danas knjige su povezane sa mnogim i vrlo razlicitim tehnologijama – povezane sa ljuskom zeljom da se stvori stalan zapis , svjedocanstvo – predstvaljaju ljudsku memoriju, , znanstvena dostignuca Tefko Saracevic i unatoc svih promjena knjige ostaju knjige 8

A few historical examples. . . Book: wood, gypsum 18 th dynasty in ancient Egypt, circa 1550 B. C. E. Word of Khakheperraseneb A literary discourse concerning personal and social chaos Tefko Saracevic 9

Book: clay tablet 600’s B. C. E. Royal Library at Niniveh in Babylonia. Tefko Saracevic 10

Chinese bamboo books date back to 500 B. C. E. Tefko Saracevic 11

First (credited) printed book “Diamond Sutra” China 868 C. E. - woodblocks Tefko Saracevic 12

Amati paper (fig bark) book – Maya, North America, pre-Columbian called “Dresden Codex” ~ 14 century Tefko Saracevic 13

Ibn al-Haytham (965 -1040) “Book on Optics” 1021 His studies of the eye gave the first modern understanding of lens, retina and optic nerve, as well as the mechanics of vision and perception. Tefko Saracevic 14

Hrvatski misal (1483) Prva hrvatska stampana knjiga (u NSK) stranice se mogu okretati Tefko Saracevic 15

I onda je dosao Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg c. 1398 - 1468 Put together four skeins of technology • • paper ink movable type printing press – started printing c. 1450 He was not the first to invent printing … Korea, China were before … but … Tefko Saracevic mass production of books that followed revolutionized first the Western & then the whole world since then some 100 mill. books published among the first and most famous were his Bibles 16

Gutenberg Bible (1450’s) same page British Library Tefko Saracevic Bayerische Statsbibliothek 17

I sada od s-knjiga do e-knjiga • No sculpture, yet, commemorating e. Books • But e. Books are the fastest & and most massive globally spreading books in book history – e. g. Book sculpture - commemorating invention of modern printing Walk of ideas, Berlin Tefko Saracevic a virtual fair July, 4 to Aug. 4, 2010 , featuring over 3, 000 e. Books; org. by World Public Library Michael Hart (Gutenberg Project) 18

U velikom planu: svi medjusobno utjecu jedni na druge e-knjige čitači Producers makers of e. Books Physical – devices Vendors (aggregators) – putting it all together Virtual – in a device Tefko Saracevic e-knjige korisnici Institutional – libraries, schools Direct – individuals, groups 19

e. Knjige Producers • Concentrate on scanning books – and then providing access • Libraries = micro producers • Mass producers = industrial scale Tefko Saracevic proizvodjaci, dobavljaci Vendors (aggregators) • Concentrate on putting together many collections of e. Books – and then provide unified access, add value - search, link … • Book databases 20

Knjiznice kao proizvadjaci – prva generacija Digitization • Globally great many libraries digitized books from own collection • Many are rare, historical, classics – opened treasures to public – well received • But all together small in numbers • Subsidized Tefko Saracevic A few examples from many • British Library – 30, 000 items, few books, • Gallica - Bibliothèque nationale de France – 1 mill. items, 160, 000 books, • many are book images or excerpts only • International Children’s Digital Library – children books from throughout the world – 36 books from Croatia 21

Knjiznice kao proizvadjaci – prva generacija Digitalizacija • Globally, great many libraries digitized books from own collection • Many are rare, historical, classics – opened treasures to public – very well received – important for scholarship & education • But all together small in numbers Tefko Saracevic Par primjera • British Library Online Gallery – 30, 000 items; among them many rare books • Gallica - Bibliothèque numerique Bibliothèque nationale de France – 1 mill. items, 160, 000 books, • World Digital Library – cultural treasures from around the world; so far about 1400 items • International Children’s Digital Library – children books from throughout the 22 world – 36 books from Croatia

ICDL: Jedna od hrvatskih knjiga Tefko Saracevic 23

Primjeri hrvatskih e-knjiga (neki iz projekta Hrvatska kulturna baština Aktualni i zavrseni projekti) • HAZU – Digitalna zbirka – (nekoliko knjiga - za sad) • Nacionalna i sveucilisna knjiznica – Digitalizirana bastina • Filozofski fakultet, Sveuciliste u Zagrebu – Digitalna zbirka • Elektronicke knjige – Društvo za promicanje književnosti na novim medijima Tefko Saracevic • Gradska knjižnica Marka Marulića, Split – Digitizirana zavicajna zbirka Spalatina • Knjižnica i čitaonica “Fran Galović” Koprivnica – Glas Podravine • Istrianet – istarski pisci • Gradska knjiznica i citaonica Pula – Virtualna zavicajna zbrika 24

HAZU Missale zagrabiense (1511) jedna od najstarijih stampanih knjiga u Hrvatskoj Tefko Saracevic 25

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Filozofski fakultet, Zagreb Tefko Saracevic 27

Tefko Saracevic 28

Društvo za promicanje književnosti na novim medijima 29

Gradska knjiznica, Split 30

Knjižnica i čitaonica “Fran Galović” Koprivnica Tefko Saracevic 31

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Projekti masovne digitalizacije – druga generacija Pioneered • Industrial scale of e. Book digitization – innovative • applications of new technologies • some partnerships with libraries Major projects • Project Gutenberg – first, gave ideas to all; ~140, 000 books • Universal Digital Library - Million Book Project – global cooperation; ~1, 7 mill books • Raised many issues & • Google Books disagreements – largest: ~ 12 mill books; – international; many libraries • Global Tefko Saracevic & even countries cooperate 33 – cultural, legal controversies

Example: Project Gutenberg Stat istic Tefko Saracevic s 34

Example: Universal Digital library - Million Book Project Tefko Saracevic 35

Example: Google Books – with new Google e. Bookstore Tefko Saracevic 36

Example: Google Books Tefko Saracevic 37

Sljedeca generacija: interakcija u i sa eknjigama Major innovation • Adding potential for interaction is a giant step in evolution of ebooks – using dynamic web vs. static scanned displays – makes e-books into something else – Web 2. 0 Tefko Saracevic p-books vs. e-books • Interactive capabilities embedded within ebooks provide clear & even huge advantages over p. Books 38

Dobavljaci (aggregators) What? Who? • Large, universal ones taking the role of superbookstores • Bring together e. Books from different sources & publishers & make it – with some interactivity available to libraries & • Smaller, more others specialized, aimed at • Some do it via specific markets, topics software or apps – particularly libraries & similar institutions – many most innovative Tefko Saracevic 39

Primjer dobavljaca … svi samo online Giants with global reach • Amazon – a super store & bookstore, e- & p. Books – mid 2010: for every 100 p. Books sold, 180 e. Books were sold • i. Books – Apple repeating the music formula to books, some digitized heritage books (e. g. Project Gutenberg) + current; many for digital natives • Google e. Bookstore - pay & some free e-books; on the cloud; read directly or on a device Tefko Saracevic Specialized or niche • ebrary : Academic Complete subscription: 50, 000 books in many subjects. Interactive capabilities. New: Patron Driven Acquisition – among others, Saudi Digital Library & King Saud University Library subscribe • Class. Zone – large global text book publisher turned to e. Books. Extensive interactive e-texts for middle & high schools. Geared toward digital natives. Interactive learning: “Textbooks come to life. ” • Other vendors offer similar capabilities, e. g. Gale, Netlibrary, Overdrive 40

Example of a vendor: elibrary content for academic libraries Tefko Saracevic 41

ebrary search & interaction capabilities – with Info. Tools Tefko Saracevic 42

Class. Zone example of an interactive biology text for high school Tefko Saracevic 43

Over. Drive : Example of a vendor providing variety of resources & apps for libraries, schools etc. for access & variety of users, digital natives included Tefko Saracevic 44

Example of a public library: audio & e-books to download Tefko Saracevic 45

e-knjige čitači Physical • Devices used to display e. Books & other e-content – variety on the market • Plus: portable, readability in various conditions, long battery life • Goal: for the technology to seem to disappear – concentrate on content Tefko Saracevic dostava za oci a moze i usi Virtual • Software for reading e. Books (& other econtent) on a computer & other devices – variety on the market • Used also for acquiring & managing e. Books • International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF) tries standardization 46

Bitke medju eČitačima - fizikalnim Readers (physical) Sample of most popular ones: • Amazon Kindle • Sony e. Reader • Apple i. Pad • Proprietary - not compatible • Coupling device & vending Tefko Saracevic Proliferation of formats • Standards needed for interoperability • Most used/popular: – pdf (Adobe) – e. Pub (International Digital Publishing Forum) • Also: . prc (Kindle), . pdb (Palm), BBe. B (Sony – Broad. Band e. Book) 47

Amazon Kindle e. Reader connected with Amazon ebookstore… Kindle 2 Kindle DX • 450, 000 books, magazines, newspapers, audio • download from Amazon • holds up to 1, 500 books Tefko Saracevic 48

Sony e. Reader access to Sony e. Readers, Google Books, local libraries, self-publishing Tefko Saracevic 49

Apple i. Pad & e. Books access to i. Books, magazines, newspapers, audio … i. Bookstore Tefko Saracevic 50

i. Book reader connects highlighted words to a dictionary & Wikipedia; Voice. Over reads text Tefko Saracevic 51

Ekoloski govoreci: Koliko su zeleni eČitači prema knjigama? • In terms of manufacture – use of • Taking all together the impact of one e. Reader = about 40 -50 books fossil fuels, water, minerals: – to produce one e. Reader requires • When it comes to global extraction of 15 kg of minerals, 300 warming = about 100 liters of water books – one book from recycled paper = half a kilo minerals and 8 liters of • Most ecologically water virtuous way to read a • Also considerations of book starts with walking transportation, use & to your local library disposition Tefko Saracevic 52

Bitka eČitača za čitanje na vasem računalu, mobilnim spravama … e. Readers (virtual) • Adobe Digital Editions – reads pdf, e. Pub • Several other readers on the market - combine a bookstore with reader • Vendors e. g. Overdive, provide own readers for download Tefko Saracevic Software – platforms • Independent of hardware; incompatible • Some combined with bookstores • Adding interactive capabilities – browsing, searching • “Reading revolutionized” 53

Moje e-knjige na Adobe Digital Editions Tefko Saracevic 54

e-knjige korisnici Institutional • Libraries, schools, museums, organizations, agencies … – free e. Books and/or with subscription/license • Integrating with – other p & e. Resources – essential part of collection – other services Tefko Saracevic Kategorije korisnika Direct • Individuals • Groups – children, adults, students, scholars, professionals … • Combined – groups from institutions, universities – e. g. courses, research projects, scholarship … 55

Knjiznice i e-knjige Digitized old(er) books Newly published • Support tradition, culture • Support modernity – enlarge collection – attract interest for “buried” treasures – provide resources for education, scholarship • Many libraries have a large number – current demands • Why buy or license? – – – provide innovative services possible for multi locations circulate as other books go with digital natives for some no alternative Libraries continue the shift to e-collections, including e-books Tefko Saracevic 56

Prednosti e-knjiga za knjižnice Operations Access • Can’t be stolen, lost, mis-shelved • Automatic circulation • No additional space • Management easier • 24/7 from anyplace – software often included • Easy collection of statistics - valuation Tefko Saracevic – but often restricted to own users (university, city) • High demand books easily managed • Merges with other services • p. Book= single concurrent user; e. Book = many 57

Prednost: Integracija gradje i servisa e. Books Services • Combine with other resources – audio books, music, video, software … • Seamlessly connect with MARC records • Both increase use • e. Books circulated as other books • Popular with users • Examples from two public libraries • Powered by Over. Drive – “digital media service, ” with a free Media Console for users to download & manage Tefko Saracevic 58

Example of e. Books at Washington, D. C. Public Library – available to D. C. residents only Tefko Saracevic 59

Example of a dynamic library web site - Denver Public Library Tefko Saracevic 60

Nedostatci e-knjiga za knjižnice Economics Balancing • Lots of $$$, €€€, HKN … • With print collection • Funding a challenge – still the major part for all libraries • Technology investments • Still a good proportion still high of users are not there • New competencies, yet (re)education needed Mind-set changes needed & hard to achieve Tefko Saracevic 61

Digitalna znanost & e-knjige Digitized old(er) books New generation of e. Books • Changed, broadened access • Fast update as needed – particularly old heritage & classics • Opened new education & research areas – e. g. in digital humanities Tefko Saracevic – cooperative autorship • Aligns with digital scholarship • “Journalization” in use of e. Books – sections as needed 62

Nakladnici & e. Knjige Seeking adjustments • Publishers struggling & searching for new models – inventory-free print-ondemand attractive (print isn’t dead yet) – distributing e. Books though vendors • profits? ? – authors looking for larger share of profit Scholarly publishers • Example of Springer Verlag – covers many scholarly disciplines – integrating p- & e-book & journal publishing – aggregating from large libraries & societies – varying access & studying use • samoizdat versions attractive Tefko Saracevic 63

Example of Springer. Link a large scholarly publisher – many academic libraries subscribe Tefko Saracevic 64

Mjerenje upotrebe e. Knjiga - trazenje smisla je kompleksan proces Importance Example of metrics • To indicate various parameters of use, users, collection • For policy, negotiation, valuation, justification • Not yet standardized • Downloads, views – various aggregators provide different data “Comparing Bananas with Grapes” Tefko Saracevic – sections, whole units • Visits, sessions, searches • Title reach (been used) – age of titles reached • Cost per use • Contrast to p. Book use • Turnaways 65

Studije upotrebe e-knjiga na sveucilistima Growth findings Effecting use • Number of studies show • Cataloging e. Books & significant increase in having them in OPACs e. Book use over time increases use – gain of e. Books over • Students use more than p. Books faculty – varies by discipline, but • Non-awareness linked trend the same to non-use Users do not know or care for term or concept “digital library” for them it is a library that, as always, has books - these ones a bit different Tefko Saracevic 66

Digitalni urodjenici (digital natives) i e-knjige Digital • Part of their universe – young predominate, but not only young • Changing patterns how people read – & search for information – implication for libraries • But information literacy still low Tefko Saracevic Integration • Devices: Becoming better, ubiquitous, & cheaper – integrated with life • Libraries need to adapt to information age, not to alienate potential users, particularly the young • e-books are just books – to be read anywhere 67

Ally reading her book at a soccer game where her sister was a goalie (score 3: 3) Tefko Saracevic 68

Zaključci e-knjige uspjevaju jer … (prvi dio) Mass digitization projects • Several high profile projects made available great amount of classic & heritage books – some current too • Raised availability & public interest Tefko Saracevic Commerce • A number of companies (some old, some new) entered into e. Book business – an industry is emerging – with competition, innovation, markets • Changing the landscape Research also bore fruit in applications 69

e-knjige uspjevaju jer … (drugi dio) Scale, innovation • Industry: producing – growing list of current titles – interactive capabilities • Libraries: inclusion in OPACs, new services • Publishers: reorienting – p & e. Books together, or e. Books alone Tefko Saracevic Technology • e. Reader hardware & software better – evolving continuously • Wild west in formats is cooling • Costs are down • Apps are better & easier 70

e-knjige uspjevaju jer … (treci dio) Social acceptance • Innovation reached from early adapters to early majority – passing in the mainstream • Cycle maturing: Technology Tefko Saracevic Society But there also social issues – a dark side • Predicated on easy availability of technology, but • Digital divide is real – with this, exclusion may be even growing – leaving out many – with what effects? 71

URLs used in the presentation Name URL Adobe Digital Editions http: //www. adobe. com/products/digitaleditions/ Amazon http: //www. amazon. com/ Apple i. Pad http: //www. apple. com/ipad/ Arab Science: A Journey of Innovation http: //www. grouporigin. com/clients/qatarfoundation/ The British Library Online Gallery http: //www. bl. uk/onlinegallery/index. html Chicago Public Library http: //www. chipublib. org/ Class. Zone http: //www. classzone. com/cz/index. htm Denver Public Library http: //discover. denverlibrary. org/? q= Google Books http: //books. google. com/ i. Books http: //www. apple. com/ipad/features/ibooks. html International Digital Publishing Forum http: //www. idpf. org/ Million Book Project http: //www. archive. org/details/millionbooks Overdrive http: //www. overdrive. com/ Project Gutenberg http: //www. gutenberg. org/wiki/Main_Page Sony Reader http: //ebookstore. sony. com/reader/ Springer. Link http: //www. springerlink. com/ Universal Digital Library http: //www. ulib. org/ Washington D. C. Public Library http: //www. dclibrary. org/ World e. Book Fair http: //worldebookfair. org/index. htm World Public Library Tefko Saracevic Word Digital Library http: //worldlibrary. net/ http: //www. wdl. org/en/ 72

Na kraju: predavanje u Wordle Tefko Saracevic 73

, Tefko Saracevic 74