Kingdoms and Domains The threedomain system Bacteria Archaea

Kingdoms and Domains The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista

Based on type of coelom

(Evolutionary Systematics)

(Phylogenetic Systematics [cladistics])

Grouping into sister groups - “nested”

Evolutionary Systematics Phylogenetic Systematics(cladistics) -Homologous vs analogous structures -Ancestral vs derived structures (symplesiomorphies vs synaptomorphies in outgroups) -Weight character sets differently, idea of varying evolutionary significance -Weight character sets equally, focus on number of synaptomorphies -Grouping based on evolutionary origin and “adaptive zone” concept allows for paraphyletic grouping -Grouping based on common descent only allows for monophyletic grouping -Use 7 basic taxa, expanded with prefixes -Only valid taxon is a clade, and grouping is in sister groups -Displayed as dendrogram/phylogenetic tree -Displayed as a cladogram

Hominidae PS ES

SPECIES CONCEPTS BIOLOGICAL SPECIES - a species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature. EVOLUTIONARY SPECIES - a single lineage of ancestor-descendent populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate. PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES - an irreducible (basal) grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.