Kingdoms 1102022 1 Kingdom Monera Bacteria Characteristics Prokaryotes

Kingdoms 1/10/2022 1

Kingdom Monera Bacteria Characteristics: • Prokaryotes • Autotrophic (Blue-green bacteria) • Heterotrophic • Unicellular • Found throughout the world 1/10/2022 2

Examples of Bacteria and their shapes: Round Rod Spiral 1/10/2022 3

Kingdom Protista Characteristics: • Eukaryotic • Unicellular or multicellular • Heterotrophic or autotrophic • Have a relationship with water or body fluids • “dumping ground” • Three groups: Fungus-like, Plant-like, Animal-like 1/10/2022 4

Fungus – like Protists • Heterotrophic • Don’t move • Examples: water mold, slime mold, potato blight 1/10/2022 5

Plant- like Protists • Autotrophic, unicellular/multicellular • Examples: euglena, diatoms, seaweed 1/10/2022 6

Animal-like Protists • • Heterotrophic Classified by how they move Sometimes called the protozoans Examples: Paramecium, Amoeba, Plasmodium 1/10/2022 7 gut Trichonympha – found in termites

Freshwater Protists Paramecium use the contractile vacuole to remove excess water. (similar to what organ in your body? ) 1/10/2022 8

Protist movement Cilia – hair-like structures used for movement Euplotes Stentor 1/10/2022 Paramecium 9

Flagella – whip like tail used for movement 1/10/2022 Trypanasoma Euglena Dinoflagellate 10

Pseudopod – “false foot”, uses streaming of cytoplasm for movement, also used to engulf food 1/10/2022 11

Protista – adaptive behaviors Phototaxis – moving toward (positive) or away (negative) from light Example: Euglena has an eyespot to sense light and move toward light for photosynthesis 1/10/2022 12

More adaptive behaviors Chemotaxis – Move towards (positive) or away from (negative) chemicals Chemicals could be food or toxins. Phototaxis and Chemotaxis can also occur in bacteria and animals 1/10/2022 13

Kingdom Fungi (Fungus) 1/10/2022 14

1/10/2022 Morels Truffles Athlete’s Foot Characteristics of Fungi: • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Cell wall composed of chitin • Unicellular or multicellular 15

Kingdom Plantae (Plants) 1/10/2022 16

Characteristics: • • • Eukaryotic Autotrophic Multicellular True roots, stems and leaves Cell wall composed of cellulose 1/10/2022 17

Plants classified according to vascular tissue Vascular tissue is “conducting” tissue. Series of tubes that transport food or water. Two types of vascular tissue are: XYLEM – transports water up the plant PHLOEM – transports food down the plant 1/10/2022 18

Classification Moss and liverworts – non-vascular Ferns – vascular Gymnosperms– vascular Angiosperms – vascular 1/10/2022 simple complex 19

Moss 1/10/2022 20

Ferns 1/10/2022 21

Gymnosperm 1/10/2022 22

Angiosperms 1/10/2022 23

Transport in Plants Mosses - no vascular tissue, so materials travel between cells or the environment using osmosis or diffusion. Plants must live in moist locations and stay small, close to the ground. Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms all use xylem and phloem to transport food and water. 1/10/2022 24

Excretion in Plants Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes. Plants store waste that they produce in vacuoles and do not excrete waste like animals do. Salt can be an issue for plants that live in salt water. They get rid of excess salt through specialized salt glands. 1/10/2022 25

Respiration in Plants • Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria (glucose ATP) • The actual exchange of CO 2 , O 2 and H 2 O between the leaves and the atmosphere occurs through the stoma. 1/10/2022 26

Nutrition in Plants • Plants are autotrophs, so they make their own food through the process of photosynthesis • Glucose is used as energy for the plant, or used to make other molecules like starch, protein or fats • Plants do need minerals to help them make food. Ex: Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and Nitrogen (N) 1/10/2022 27

Reproduction/Growth/Development in Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction in plants can allow for frequent and rapid reproduction Examples: cuttings 1/10/2022 runners 28

Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity and includes spores, gametes (egg and sperm) and seeds. Examples: 1/10/2022 29

Sexual Reproduction in Plants A Spore is a unit of asexual reproduction and is one part of the life cycle. Gametes are the units of sexual reproduction. Moss and Ferns – sperm swims to the egg Gymnosperms and Angiosperms – sperm is enclosed in pollen and gets to the female part of the plant by wind or animals 1/10/2022 30

Spores In Ferns 1/10/2022 31

Seeds In Gymnosperms In Angiosperms 1/10/2022 32

Development of the Seed Germination – need warmth and moisture 1/10/2022 33

Plant adaptations to life on land Two main problems to life on land dehydration and support 1. Vascular tissue –transports food and water and supports plant 2. Cuticle – waxy covering 3. Pollen – waxy, protects sperm from drying out; sperm no longer needs water for fertilization 4. Seed coat – protects from drying out 1/10/2022 34

Flowers and Fruits Not necessarily an adaptation to life on land Flowers – aid pollination (attract pollinators) Fruits – aid seed dispersal 1/10/2022 35

Kingdom Animalia (Animals) 1/10/2022 36

Characteristics of Animals • • Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Able to move at some stage of their life 1/10/2022 37

Animal Kingdom Ranges from the simplest , the sponges, to the most complex, the mammals. Animalia fall into two main groups. Invertebrates – meaning without backbones, and Vertebrates – meaning with backbones. 1/10/2022 38

Transport in Animals Simple animals like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, use osmosis and diffusion. Animals like a clam, have an open circulatory system that has a heart but no veins and arteries. Blood transports food, waste and gasses (oxygen and CO 2). More advanced animals have a closed circulatory system with a heart, veins and arteries. 1/10/2022 39

Excretion in Animals Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes. (urea, uric acid, ammonia) Nitrogen waste is produced when proteins are broken down. Excretion can also remove excess water or hold onto it, in other words, maintaining water balance. Animals may use kidneys, nephridia, flame cells or diffusion to remove these toxic wastes. 1/10/2022 40

Animals removing salt Marine animals often have special glands to remove excess salt. 1/10/2022 41

Blood used to maintain p. H Buffers in your blood help to maintain p. H of 7. 4. As you exercise, CO 2 concentration increases, p. H is lowered. Buffers in your blood help to mediate the changes in the p. H. 1/10/2022 42

Respiration in Animals Respiration is the exchange of CO 2 , H 2 O and O 2 between the organism and the atmosphere. Respiratory surfaces must be THIN and MOIST so gasses can diffuse. Three main respiratory systems: a. Directly through membranes or skin (ex: earthworm) 1/10/2022 43

b. Gills – used in aquatic organisms like scallops or fish b. Lungs – found in terrestrial organisms 1/10/2022 44

Nutrition in Animals All animals are heterotrophs, but there are many types depending on what they eat. Carnivores – meat eaters Insectivores – eat Insects Herbivores – eat plants Animals teeth (mouth parts) and digestive system vary by what they eat. Other names we use are filter feeders, hunters, grazers. 1/10/2022 45

Carnivores Usually have sharp teeth (tiger) or beak (eagle). Carnivores have a short digestive tract. 1/10/2022 46

Herbivores have specialized teeth for grinding vegetation (cow) or beaks that will crack open seeds (cardinal). Herbivores have a very long digestive tract. 1/10/2022 47

Reproduction/Growth/Development in Animals Most animals carry out sexual reproduction with a few of the simpler animals also having asexual reproduction. Most aquatic animals have external fertilization, while terrestrial animals have internal fertilization. 1/10/2022 48

Asexual Reproduction in Animals Examples: Budding in Hydra Regeneration in flatworms (Planaria) and starfish 1/10/2022 49

External Fertilization Aquatic animals have external fertilization and then external development. Many eggs are produced since many of them are eaten. As animals move on to land, the fertilization becomes internal, but all animals still lay eggs except mammals, so development is still external. 1/10/2022 50

Mammals Monotremes (non-placental) Marsupials (partial - placental) 1/10/2022 51

Mammals - Placental Placenta – organ that connects the fetus to the mother. Allows for the exchange of gasses, food and waste 1/10/2022 52

Animal Adaptations to Life on Land Major problems to overcome: dehydration, support, rapid temperature changes 1. Thick outer covering of fur, feathers, scales 2. Lungs for respiration 3. Heavier skeleton, limbs move under body 4. Internal fertilization, internal development 5. Amniote egg 1/10/2022 53