kingdom Protista Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protist Domain Archaea

kingdom Protista

Protista Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protist Domain: Archaea Kingdom : Archaea Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista “Ancient Bacteria” “True Bacteria: “Junk Drawer” Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Unicellular Both Uni- & Multicellular Most are Chemotrophic Most are Heterotrophic Both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Reproduce Asexually or Sexually Important Factoid: Live in harsh environments Important Factoid: Some are decomposers, some helpful, some pathogens Important Factoid: 1/3 of our oxygen comes from photosynthesizing Protists Fungi

Protista • Protists are classified on what they are NOT: – They have a nucleus (are eukaryotic) so they can’t be bacteria – They are photosynthesizes so they can’t be fungi (which are decomposers/heterotrophs) – They are not complex enough to be plants or animals • Considered the “Junk Drawer” Kingdom • Most are unicellular and microscopic • Live where there is water/moisture

Protista • Some protists are autotrophic, producers meaning they photosynthesize– 1/3 of our oxygen comes from these type of protists • They are classified on their motility (how they move) or how they obtain nutrition (heterotrophic or autotrophic) • Historically they are divided into – Plant like protists (algae) - autotrophs – Animal like protists (protozoa) - heterotrophs

Protista • Protists can move by: – Pseudopodia • extensions of the cytoplasm into which the cytoplasm of the rest of the organism streams, “moving it” from one place to another – pseudo = “false” podia= “foot” – they can also engulf prey using their pseudopodia • (making them heterotrophic); recall that this is called phagocytosis (one of the types of active transport called endocytosis) – example of a protist with pseudopodia amoeba

Protista Protists can move by: – Cilia • Short hair-like structures • Organisms with cilia are called ciliates – Heterotrophic • Eat with a structure called an “oral groove” – maintain homeostasis – contractile vacuole used to regulate the amount of water in the cell – Example: • Paramecium • Stentor • Radiolarians

Protista Protists can move by: – Flagella • whip-like structure (more like a tail) used for movement – protists with flagella are called flagellates • Example? Euglena – Euglena are photosynthetic/autotrophic • (they are green because they have • chlorophyll in their chloroplasts, just like plants)

Protista • Diatoms – unicellular photosynthetic phytoplankton – shells are made of silica (glass) – two shell parts fit together like a shoe box or petri dish – the shells are used in paint to add sparkle & grit in toothpaste – used as pest control

http: //www. victorianmicroscopeslides. com/images/diatoms. jp

http: //www. mikroskopie-ph. de/Rosette

• Algae Protista – classified by the pigment they contain • green algae- sea weed, marine phytoplankton, volvox, • red algae- can absorb high-energy blue light in deep waters; used to make agar (the jello-like stuff in our petri dishes) • brown algae- kelp, sea weed

Protists • Dinoflagellates – phytoplankton or heterotrophic predators – some predatory species are responsible for red tide, which causes massive fish deaths from the toxins they produce. • toxins stun the fish and the dinoflagellates feed on the body fluids

Protista • Some protists make us sick: – The protist Plasmodium causes malaria and is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito • Malaria kills more people than any other infectious disease • Trypanosoma - causes African sleeping sickness in humans and is transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly

Protista • Giardia lamblia- causes giardiasis - cramps, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting when contaminated drinking water is consumed • An amoeba causes amebic dysentery- infection through contaminated food or water that causes bloody diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever – “Don’t Drink the Water”

Stop Here! • Life in a Drop of Water video

Fungi are…. • eukaryotic because they have a nucleus • multicellular (except yeast) • principle decomposers (along with the bacteria) • - they do not contain chlorophyll/are NOT plants, they are heterotrophs • decomposers- heterotrophs that feed on dead and decaying organisms • parasitic – living in or on another organism, possibly causing disease • cell walls made of chitin (ki-tin). • -chitin is also found in the hard outer covering of insectsfungi are more related to animals than plants!

Fungi Structures • mycelium- body of the fungus (usually can’t see it because it’s imbedded in whatever the fungus is eating!) • hyphae- filaments that make up the mycelium • note that hyphae are microscopic • septum- partial wall between 2 fungal cells that divide some hyphae into cells • spore- reproductive cell that is resistant to environmental conditions, usually spread by wind or water

Three Phyla of Fungi • Three phyla of fungi, classified based on method of sexual reproduction: – Zygomycota – Ascomycota – Basidiomycota Protist that gave rise to the fungi

Phylum Zygomycota – produce zygosporangia – a fruiting body that makes spores – Rhizopus stolonifer - black bread mold • the diagram to the right is shown as you would see Rhizopus under a microscope

Phylum Ascomycota - reproduce with internal sac-like structures called an ascus that is full of spores • Ex) cup fungi, Penicillium, yeast, morels, truffles (not chocolate ones!)

Phylum Basidiomycota • Fungi that reproduce with basidia (an external club-like structure found under the cap of a mushroom) that bear spores • Ex) mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, shelf fungi

Benefits of Fungi • used in cooking: – bread – yeast make the bread rise as they metabolize the sugar producing CO 2 – mushrooms in salads, on pizza, etc. – some cheeses – soy sauce – beer, wine and champagne – again, yeast - some type of plant material is fermented, producing carbon dioxide and alcohol

Benefits of Fungi continued • antibiotic producers- Penicillium is an ascomycete commonly observed as “mold” that naturally produces an antibiotic Note the zone of inhibition around this Penicillium - an ascomycete commonly called “mold” that naturally produces an antibiotic bacteria

Fungi Nutrition • Decomposers- Secretes digestive enzymes that break down organic material – Some compete for nutrients with their host (parasitic) • Can cause plant diseases – Corn smut, wheat rust • Can cause animal diseases – Athlete’s foot, ring worm (not a worm)

Mutualistic Symbionts – lichen • symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner such as an algae or cyanobacteria • photosynthetic organism provide sugars (food) for themselves and the fungus, while the fungus provides shelter and absorbs water and minerals for the photosynthetic organism – mycorrhizae • symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant roots • the fungus is provided with sugar from the plants and the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients is greatly increased

Examples of basidiomycetes Rusts, smuts, & ergots Fungi Fact: Ergots – can cause gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, temporary insanity, and death when accidentally ingested In 944 A. D. more than 40, 000 people died in France from ergot poisoning. It contains one of the active ingredients found in LSD. Oddly enough, it has been used for medicinal purposes in treating high blood pressure and stopping maternal bleeding following childbirth Some of the “witch hunts” of 17 th century America have been attributed to ergot poisoning as it is a common pest in rye.

FAIRY RING – results from the outward growth in all directions of a basidiomycete (mushroom); the structures visible above the ground are the reproductive structures; the body of the fungus (mycelium) is in the ground

Do Not Eat

Test your Knowledge! • Which simple organisms are prokaryotic? • Fungi and Protista belong to which domain? • Which two simple organisms are considered decomposers? • Which kingdom produces 1/3 of our oxygen? • Which kingdom contains yeast? • Which kingdom contains algae? • Which kingdom contains E. coli? • Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?