KINGDOM PROTISTA By Joanna Kyla and Larissa WHAT

KINGDOM PROTISTA By: Joanna, Kyla, and Larissa

WHAT IS A PROTIST? Single or multiple cell eukaryotic organisms with an enclosed nucleus that cannot be classified as an animal, fungi or plant

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS Animal like protists are animal like because: -they cannot make they own food -they consume other organisms for food -they are able to move The 4 categories of animal-like protists are: cercozoans, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS Cercozoans (Phylum Cercozoa): • The most familiar cercozoan are the amoebas • Their surface is a cell membrane with a cell wall • They change shape to move using their internal cytoskeleton • They are around 100 -1000 micrometers long • Temporary extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopods ("false feet") are used for feeding and movement • They contain a nucleus, food and contractile vacuoles and cytoplasm

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS Ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora): • They are large and complex protists • The most familiar ciliate is paramecium • Their cell surface is covered in short hair like projections called cilia which helps in the movement of the cell and food particles • Ciliates are around 100 -3000 micrometers in length • They have 2 nuclei, one for reproduction and one for general cell regulation • They have an oral groove, gullet and food and contractile vacuoles

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS Flagellates (Phylum Zoomastiginal) : • They have one or multiple flagella that whips from side to side for movement • A flagellum is a long hair like projection extending from the cell membrane surrounded by a protective covering • Flagellates are around 5 -20 micrometers long Sporozoans (Phylum Sporozoa) : • They are parasites that do not move • They produce spores which are cells that are able to develop asexually • An example is Plasmodium which causes malaria in humans

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND LIVING CONDITIONS • Animal-like protists can live almost anywhere there is water or a moist environment - Cercozoans : • Amoeba live in salt water, fresh water, mud and inside animals • An example is Entamoeba Hystolitica • They feed on the lining of the human small intestine causing an illness called amoebic dysentery • This can be spread by drinking contaminated water or by consuming contaminated produce - Ciliates: • They live in fresh water, salt water, and in animals • Some are free living and some are parasites • An example is Balantidium Coli which lives in the large intestine and causes diarrhea

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND LIVING CONDITIONS § Flagellates: • They live in fresh water, salt water and in animals • Some are free living, parasites and some live in a mutualistic relationships meaning both organisms benefit from the relationship • An example is some flagellates live in termites intestines to convert the cellulose into sugar because they are unable to digest cellulose. § Sporozoans : • They live on or in animals

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: NUTRITIONAL PATTERNS Animal-like protists are mostly heterotrophic, they rely on other organisms for nutrition • The protist finds a single-celled organism and engulfs them with a mouth like structure or pseudopodia and ingests it • They eat bacteria and algae • Process of eating for animal-like protists: 1) wraps around prey 2) creates food vacuole around prey acting as a storage compartment 3) produces toxins to paralyze its prey 4) once digested the food moves into the cytoplasm

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION There are 2 types of reproduction for animal-like protists Asexual (binary fission) : the cell duplicates it's DNA and divides into two genetically identical offspring Sexual (conjugation) : Protists exchange genetic material to prevent death caused by performing binary fission over hundreds of times • The protists exchange genetic material then divide into 4 genetically different offspring

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: LIFE CYCLE Life cycle of amoeba

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: LIFE CYCLE Life cycle of paramecium

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: LIFE CYCLE Life cycle of plasmodium

FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS There are two types: Slime molds Plasmodial slime molds (most common) & cellular slime molds Water molds Two important phyla of water molds: Chytrids and Oomycetes They produce spore like fungi. However, they are different from fungi on a cellular level.

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS Slime Molds: Has traits of both fungi and animal Made up of individual cells = look like blobs, gooey or foamy masses, spilled jelly or vomit Color: orange, red, yellow, brown, black, blue, or white. Cellular Slime molds: pieces will pull themselves back together if diced up Plasmodial molds: enormous single cells with thousands of nuclei. They are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse. Mass thrives as food is available; however if food is scarce = the mass separates into smaller blobs When nutrients and moisture is scarce, cells send out a chemical beacon to attract other cells of the same species (pseudo plasmodium). they join up to form a structure that looks and acts like a slug to move to a favorable location

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS Water Molds: Resembles fungi b/c they have branched filaments (hyphae) and form spores Certain water molds are parasites of fish and marine invertebrates Other cause disease in plants such as: tobacco, grapes, and potatoes Chytrids: take the form of small masses called sporangia which has many hair like rhizoids protrude. Oomycetes: they caused sudden oak death syndrome and blue mold of tobacco

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: NUTRITIONAL PATTERNS Slime Molds: They eat decaying vegetation, bacteria, fungi, and other slime molds. Water Molds: Live as saprobes (decomposer) = obtains metabolic energy from decaying plant and animal material

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND LIVING CONDITIONS Slime Molds: Commonly found in forests Found worldwide and typically thrive in dark, cool, moist conditions Water Molds: Dead organic matter Chytrids: lives in salt & fresh water and in moist soil

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION o All fungus-like protists can reproduce sexually or asexually. Ø Water Molds: Reproduction happens in the hyphae o Asexual reproduction involves hyphae which develop into zoosporangia. Flagellated spores swim away in search of food. Spores develop into hyphae when they find food and grow into a new organism o Sexual reproduction takes place in specialized structures that are formed by hyphae. Antheridium produces male nuclei and oogonium produces female nuclei. Fertilization takes place in oogonium and spores form a new organism

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION Water Mold Reproduction

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION Ø Slime Molds: o production of spores that takes a form out of the 4 forms (such as sporangium = most common) Can grow as large as several meters in diameter Asexual Reproduction Steps: 1. send out chemical signals to attract other cells of the same species 2. thousands of cells aggregate into a large sluglike colony that functions as a single organism 3. produces a fruiting body, slender reproductive structure that produces spores 4. spores are scattered 5. each spore gives rise to a single amoeba-like cell and the cycle is repeated o In Sexual reproduction, the cells fuse into a sexual union to produce a diploid zygote) than amorbae is scattered and cycle is repeated.

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION Slime Mold Reproduction

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS § contain pigments in their chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis § most common of these pigments is chlorophyll-green colouring § unicellular plant like protists include, diatoms, dinoflagellates + euglenoids

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS Ø Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta § Phytoplankton is single celled, free-floating aquatic organisms. Diatom, are among the most diverse and abundant and are an important source of food for large marine life § They have rigid cell walls with of outer layer silica- (common ingredient in sand glass § The walls are made of 2 unequal parts, the smaller one which fits neatly inside the other

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS ØDinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta: § Most are phytoplankton § They have two flagella at right angles to each other § As they beat, a twirling motion is produced to allow the organisms to move by spinning through the water § As a result of a population explosion called a bloom or an algal bloom § in species that have red photosynthetic pigments, referred to a red tide § the species that formed tides produce a toxin that becomes concentrated in the tissues of the organisms eating plankton-shellfish that eat shellfish ØEuglenoids § In the genus Euglena, have a light-detecting stricter known as an eyespot § This light receptor does not create an image like the animal eye § But this allows them to use their flagella to direct them towards the light.

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: NUTRITIONAL PATTERNS Ø Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta Photosynthesis ØEuglenoids: even though they have chloroplast and conduct photosynthesis they also have flagella and can absorb nutrients With both plant-like and animal like characteristics they tend to be autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in the dark ØDinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta: Benefit by using nitrogen waste and carbon dioxide by the coral, and the coral gains the benefits of photosynthesis, carried on by the protists If ocean temps, increase to abnormal levels, the coral-protisits partnership breaks down protists are expelled in a process reefed to coral bleaching this process often leads to the death of the coral

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND GENERAL LIVING CONDITIONS ØDiatoms-Phylum Chrysophta: § free-floating aquatic organisms ØEuglenoids: there are over 1000 different species of euglenoids which most are found in shallow waters ØDinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta: some live in other organisms best known as reef-building coral

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION ØDiatoms-Phylum Chrysophta most of the time they reproduce asexually by mitosis Sexual is less common and occurs under unfavourable condition ØDinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta under certain condition such as abundant amount of nutrients they reproduce very quickly living inside many species of coral are dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium ØDiatoms-Phylum Chrysophta Phytoplankton is single celled, free-floating aquatic organisms

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION § Life cycle of Diatoms

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION § Euglenoids

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: FACTS ØDinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta: -if or when ingested by humans of the shellfish may fall ill or die. -since the Earth`s temps rise over recent decades, more frequent incidences of dinoflagellate being expelled from corals have occurred -permanent damage to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef -when they are permanently damaged as a result of bleaching, other organisms that eat the coral or live in the reef are also affected

ALGAE A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist Multicellular algae is commonly called seaweed 3 Phyla: Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta) Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta) Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)

ALGAE ØBrown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta): Largest and most complex protists Key components of marine and tidal environments ØRed algae (Phylum Rhodophyta): Have green chlorophyll and a pigment called phycoerythrin which allows algae to thrive at 100 m deep in the ocean Common as a food and in the food-processing economically ØGreen Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta): Most are aquatic Found in fresh water or salt water environments, sea ice, on trees and even on the fur of sloths The most plant- like of the algae, they have the same types of chlorophyll and colour as land plant

QUIZ TIME

What are Protists? Single or multiple cell eukaryotic organisms with an enclosed nucleus that cannot be classified as an animal, fungi or plant

How many subcatergories of protists are there? Three.

ACTIVITY