KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds enclosed

KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds enclosed Subphylum Spermopsida Class Angiospermidia Seeds ‘naked’ Class Gymnospermidia Sub Class Magnoliopsida Sub Class Liliopsida DICOTS MONOCOTS

Subphylum Spermopsida (seed bearing plants) • True roots (with vascular tissue) • Reproduction without water (evolved flower) • Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter • Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

Class Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants) 1. Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA. 2. 235, 000 to 300, 000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae) 3. Ubiquitous (found everywhere) 4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This greatly increased their chances of survival.

5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates.

PISTIL (female) is made up of: • Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen • Style – carries pollen to the ovary • Ovary – contains the eggs. • Ovule – surrounds the eggs STAMEN (male) is made up of: • Anthers – produce pollen • Filament – raises anthers in the air

6. Seeds borne within a carpel Protection: a leaf like structure that encloses the seed. 7. Pollen on a simple stamen: stamen • Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers. • Less energy required. • More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

8. ACCESSORY ORGANS: ORGANS function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar. • Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector • Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up • Receptacle: releases odour • Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

9. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation 11. More developed vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

10. Specialized pollen: pollen The pollen grain is very specific to the female stigma (lock and key). Prevents inbreeding. The pollen grain also has enzymes to digest into the style and ovary.

11. Double fertilization: fertilization a) 1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote becomes an embryo b) Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei endosperm (food for the zygote) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Gq 8 NWh 98 w. Qs Double fertilization

FERTILIZATION • A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary. • One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote. • After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo. • A 2 nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3 N). • It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

• In most plants the seed develops inside the original ovary of the flower. • The seed is covered by the old ovary which grows and becomes the fruit. • The fruit attracts animals which will eat it and then distribute the seeds in their feces. ZYGOTE EMBRYO OVULE SEED OVARY FRUIT

LIFE CYCLE ANIMATION http: //intro. bio. umb. edu/111112/112 s 99 Lect/life-cycles. html

POLLINATORS

SEED DISPERSAL

• Remove CO 2 and add O 2 to atmosphere • ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT. • The majority of our medicines • Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean) • Beauty and inspiration • Drugs • Paper and clothes • Building materials (birch, maple, oak)

Monocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…) • One seed cotelydon • Germinates and puts off 1 leaf • Has a parallel vein pattern • Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die) • All are Herbaceous (non-woody)

Order Alismatidae Arrowhead

Order Arecidae Palm Trees Philodendron

Order Commelinidae Spiderwort Sedge Grass Rush

Bur-reed Cat tail

Order Zingiberidae Pineapple

Order Liliidae Orchid Iris Lily

Dicots (ie: rose, apple trees…) • Two seed cotelydons • Germinates and puts off 2 leaves • Has a netted vein pattern • Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year) • Herbaceous & woody forms

Order Magnoliidae Magnolia Tree Poppy Water lily Buttercup

Order Hamamelidae Elm Tree Oak Tree Birch Tree

Order Caryophyllidae Cactus Pinks Buckwheat

Order Dilleniidae Mallow, hibiscus… Sundew, venus fly trap Pitcher plant Some herbs

Mustard plant Rhododendron Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees

Order Rosidae Rose hips Stone crop Geraniums

Evening Primrose Mistletoe: a parasite on trees and shrubs Legumes Carrots, parsley

Grape Maple trees Virginia Creeper Poison Ivy

Order Asteridae Milkweed Snapdragon Nightshade (potatoe)

Daisy Gentian Morning Glory Olive

CHECK IT OUT! http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/ww 0601. htm#seed BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERS (ie: smallest flowering plant) Wolffia plants also produce the world's smallest flower, a bouquet of one dozen plants will easily fit on the head of a pin and two Wolffia angusta plants in full bloom will fit inside a small printed letter "o" on this page.

Table Of Contents: 1. The World's Oldest Living Thing 2. The World's Oldest Living Fossil 3. The World's Most Massive Living Thing 4. The World's Tallest Tree 5. The World's Hardest & Heaviest Wood 6. The World's Smallest Flowering Plant 7. The World's Smallest And Largest Fruit 8. The World's Largest Vegetable 9. The World's Smallest And Largest Seed 10. Longest Distance Traveled By Drift Seed 11. World's Fastest Reproducing Plants 12. The World's Fastest Growing Plants 13. The World's Deadliest Plants 14. Most Painful Botanical Encounters 15. World's Most Valuable Plant Jewels 16. Go To Diversity Of Flowering Plants