KINGDOM PLANTAE Botany the study of plants 1

KINGDOM PLANTAE Botany- the study of plants 1

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic photosynthetic with cell walls made of cellulose. Nonvascular plants have no vessels, no roots, no stems or leaves. Examples: Mosses & Liverworts

• Vascular plants have roots, stems and leaves. The leaves contain stomata-openings for gas and water exchange. The cuticle - a waxy waterproof coating. • Reproduce - sexually through meiosis and asexually by spores and fragmentation. • Transport tissues - phloem and xylem.

Plant Facts • Plants live from a few weeks to 5, 000 yrs old. • Plants that are non-woody are called herbaceous plants. • Plants start to grow, the embryo in the seed begins to sprout and grow into a plant is called Germination.

Leaves Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food Three kinds of Leaves: Simple, Compound & Double Compound

Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO 2 in and O 2 out. Guard cells open and close. Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll. Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, which is composed of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells. These cells usually are surrounded by many air spaces that allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow around the cells.

Stems Support plant transports water and nutrients Two types of stems: herbaceous and woody

A celery stalk soaked in food coloring will absorb the food coloring, you can see the xylem.

Parts of the Plant Roots / Stems / Leaves Roots: water and minerals are absorbed (taproots vs fibrous roots) also used to anchor the plant movement of water up to leaves is influenced by TRANSPIRATION

Transporting materials Phloem Xylem transports water and dissolved substances other than sugar throughout the plant. Phloem transports dissolved sugar throughout the plant. Cambium produces xylem and phloem as the plant grows.

Plant Reproduction • A seed is a plant organ that contains an embryo, along with a food supply, and is covered by a protective coat. • A seed protects the embryo from drying out and also can aid in its dispersal. • Land plants reproduce sexual by either spores or seeds or asexually. Pollen is produced by the stamen, which is carried by wind or pollinators to the stigma of another flower. Once the ovules are fertilized, they develop into seeds and the ovary of the flower becomes the FRUIT.

Pollen Grains Pollen contains plant sperm, and fills the air during the springtime, which often causes seasonal allergies.

Asexual Reproduction Many plants can make clones of themselves; this is called VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

Nonvascular Seedless Plants • No vascular tissue, no true roots, stems or leaves and seedless plants. • Phylum Bryophyta - peat moss • Phylum Hepatophyta - liverworts • Phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts

Liverworts, Peat Moss & Hornworts Polytrichum

Vascular Seedless Plants • Reproduce by spores. • Phylum Psilotophyta - whisk ferns • Phylum Lycophyta - club moss & spike moss • Phylum Spenophyta - horsetails • Phylum Pterophyta - ferns

Club “moss” Huperzia Scouring rush--Equisetum

Vascular Seed Plants • Reproduce through germination of seeds • Two types – Gymnosperms - produces naked seeds, cones, and evergreen – Angiosperms - flowering plants

Gymnosperms "naked seeds" cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) needle like leaves usually stay green year round wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & evergreens

Gymnosperms • Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads • Phylum Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba only surviving species • Phylum Coniferophyta - conifers, pine, cedar, redwoods, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, & bald cypress. • Phylum Gnetophyta – Ephedra (Mormom’s tea)

Coniferophyta • Bristlecone pines, the oldest known living trees in the world, are members of this plant division. • Another type of conifer, the Pacific yew, is a source of cancer-fighting drugs. • Conifers are vascular seed plants that produce seeds in cones. • Conifers can be identified by the characteristics of their cones or leaves that are needlelike or scaly.

Gnetophyta • • • There are three genera of gnetophytes and each has distinct characteristics. Gnetum includes about 30 species of tropical trees and climbing vines. There about 35 Ephedra species that grow as shrubby plants in desert and arid regions. • Welwitschia has only one species, which is found in the deserts of southwest Africa.

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms flowering plants seeds are enclosed in a fruit most are pollinated by birds & bees have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions • Phylum Anthophyta - Largest of all plant phylums. All of these have a flower and produce a fruit. • There approximately 250, 000 species. • Two classes • Monocotyledons - single seed leaf - lilies, irises, palms, tulips, bananas, pineapples, onions, bamboo, coconut • Dicotyledons-two seed leaves - beans, lettuce, oaks, maple, roses, carnations, elms, cacti

Flowering Plants are divided into two main groups:

Dicots

Monocots

Cells of the Plant • Parenchyma cells are the most abundant kind of plant cell. • They are found throughout the tissues of a plant. • These spherical cells have thin, flexible cell walls. • Most parenchyma cells usually have a large central vacuole, which sometimes contains a fluid called sap. • Parenchyma cells have two main functions: storage and food production. • The edible portion of many fruits and vegetables are composed mostly of parenchyma cells.

Cells of the Plant • Collenchyma cells are long cells with unevenly thickened cell walls. • The structure of the cell wall is important because it allows the cells to grow. • The walls of collenchyma cells can stretch as the cells grow while providing strength and support. • The walls of sclerenchyma cells are very thick and rigid. Two types of sclerenchyma cells commonly found in plants are fibers and sclerids. • Fibers are long, thin cells that form strands. Celery • Sclerids are irregularly shaped and usually found in clusters, gritty texture in pears.

Vascular Tissue • Ground tissue is composed mostly of parenchyma cells. The functions of ground tissue include photosynthesis, storage, and support. • A growing plant produces new cells in areas called meristems. Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells. Apical meristems are found at or near the tips of roots and stems. • The vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells in the stems and roots. The cork cambium produces cells with tough cell walls.

ROOTS • The surface area of a plant’s roots can be as much as 50 times greater than the surface area of its leaves. • There are two main types of root systems-taproots and fibrous roots. • Taproots accumulate and store food. • Fibrous roots systems have many, small branching roots that grow from a central point.

STEMS • Stems usually are the aboveground parts of plants that support leaves and flowers. They have vascular tissues that transport water, dissolved minerals, and sugars to and from roots and leaves. • Green, herbaceous stems are soft and flexible and usually carry out some photosynthesis. • Trees, shrubs, and some other perennials have woody stems. Woody stems are hard and rigid and have cork and vascular cambriums. • A tuber is a swollen, underground stem that has buds from which new plants can grow. • Rhizomes also are underground stems that store food.

LEAVES • The primary function of the leaves is photosynthesis. Most leaves have a relatively large surface area that receives sunlight. • Sunlight passes through the transparent cuticle into the photosynthetic tissues just beneath the leaf surface. • The flat, broad, green part of the leaf is called the leaf blade. • This stalk, which is part of the leaf, is called the petiole. The petiole contains vascular tissues that extend from the stem into the leaf and form veins.

LEAF ARRANGEMENT • Leaves can grow from opposite sides of the stem in an alternating arrangement. • If two leaves grow opposite each other on a stem, the arrangement is called opposite. • Three or more leaves growing around a stem at the same position is called a whorled arrangement.

LEAF STRUCTURE • Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll. • Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, which is composed of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells. • These cells usually are surrounded by many air spaces that allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow around the cells. • Gases can also move in and out of a leaf through the stomata, which are located in the upper and/or lower epidermis. • Guard cells are cells that surround and control the size of a stoma. • The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration.

Venation Patterns • One way to distinguish among different groups of plants is to examine the pattern of veins in their leaves. The veins of vascular tissue run through the mesophyll of the leaf. • Leaf venation patterns may be parallel, netlike, or dichotomous.

How Plants Grow Germination occurs when a seed sprouts (usually caused by changes of temperature and moisture) Monocots have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon), Dicots have 2 seed leaves

Perennials - live several years, and reproduce many times, woody plants are perennials Annuals - a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season (grows, flowers, reproduces and then dies) Biennials - takes two growing seasons to complete, it reproduces in the second growing season

Parts of a Flower • 4 basic parts – Sepals - outermost part that surrounds & protects – Petal - brightly colored – Stamen - anther & filament (male parts) – Carpels - pistil, ovary, style & stigma (female parts)

Receptacle or Peduncle

Flowers • A flower that has all four organs—sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils—is called a complete flower. • A flower that does not have one or more of the essential parts is called an incomplete flower.