KINGDOM MONERA C O N T D FEBRUARY

KINGDOM MONERA ( C O N T ’ D ) FEBRUARY 29 TH 2016

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Identify and label structures of a generic Moneran • Identify and Describe the four criteria through which Moneran are classified • Describe the ways in which Moneran obtain/metabolize energy • Describe three ways Moneran reproduce

SHAPE OF THE DAY • 1. Language of Biology – Practice (10 min) • 2. Lecture (20 minutes) • 3. Bacteria Research Mini Project – Remaining Time

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Organisms get energy through metabolism, like fuel in a car. Metabolism a series of chemical reactions that produce energy. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY There are mainly two ways which organisms can use (metabolize) the energy that they get 1. Respiration 2. Fermentation Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Cellular Respiration Metabolic process that requires oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 => CO 2 + H 2 O + 36 ATP (Energy!) Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Fermentation Metabolic process that DOES NOT require oxygen Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY 1. Obligate Aerobes: Monerans that need oxygen in order to produce energy (aerobic respiration) 2. Obligate Anaerobes: Monerans that will die in the presence of oxygen 3. Facultative Anaerobe: Monerans that can produce energy in oxygen, but switch to fermentation if there is Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | no oxygen. Examples

HOW WE MAKE ENERGY Which of these tubes contain 1. Obligate anaerobic bacteria? 2. Facultative anaerobic bacteria? 3. Obligate aerobic bacteria? Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH The process of fermentation probably began when the Earth lacked oxygen. 4 3 2 1 Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH Cyanobacteria appeared 200 million years before oxygen appeared on Earth. 4 3 2 1 Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH Cyanobacteria produced oxygen … and lead to one of the greatest events on earth Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH Cyanobacteria created the Great oxidation event. It lead to the extinction of most obligate anaerobes Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

HOW WE SHAPED THE EARTH But it also lead to an explosion of new life on earth which now used cellular respiration Cyanobacteria helped to make possible all life as we know it today. Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Bacteria can reproduce in three ways 1. Binary Fission 2. Conjugation 3. Spore Production Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Bacteria can reproduce in three ways 1. Binary Fission 2. Conjugation 3. Spore Production Escherichia coli Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION E. Coli reproduce every 20 minutes… If you had one E. coli bacterium… How long would it take for the Earth to be covered in E. Structure | Classification | Energy coli? Escherichia coli 2 um (2/1000 of a mm) | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

DIVIDE AND CONQUER 36 hours Asexual reproduction Allows organisms to grow at astonishing rates!!| Classification Structure Escherichia coli | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Can bacteria have sex? Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

SEXY BACTERIA Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

SEXY BACTERIA

DIVIDE AND CONQUER 1. A long bridge of protein forms. Some genetic information is transferred to the bacteria Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

DIVIDE AND CONQUER 2. One strand of plasmid DNA (a small piece of DNA separate from chromosomal DNA) is transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

DIVIDE AND CONQUER 3. The plasmid DNA in both cells is replicated and the recipient now has a new combination of genes Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

DIVIDE AND CONQUER Some bacteria reproduce by binary fission only, but some can use both methods. Why have two methods of reproduction? Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

AND WHEN TIMES GET REALLY BAD When growth conditions become very unfavourable, some bacteria can form super tough spores and stay dormant (inactive) until conditions Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

AND WHEN TIMES GET REALLY BAD Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples

AND WHEN TIMES GET REALLY BAD Structure | Classification | Energy | Growth/Reproduction | Examples