Kingdom Fungi Where are fungi found Everywhere n

Kingdom Fungi

Where are fungi found? Everywhere n air, water, soil n people (athlete’s foot, yeast infection, ringworm) n foods (bread-yeast, cheese, mushrooms)

What are fungi? n Eukaryotic n Heterotrophs - use extracellular digestion (excrete enzymes and absorb nutrients) n Cell walls made of chitin n Some unicellular (ex. Yeast) n Most multicellular

Fruiting body Hyphae Mycelium

Structure of Fungi Hyphae: threadlike filaments (one-cell thick) like roots Some hyphae have cross walls.

Hyphae form Mycelium Hyphae branch out to form mycelium, a network of filaments. Hyphae Cross walls

3 feeding relationships n Decomposers - recycle nutrients n Parasitism - corn smut, mildews, wheat rust, yeast infections, athlete’s foot, ringworm n Mutualism - 2 examples

1. Mycorrhizae n Symbiosis b/t fungus & plant roots n Fungus covers roots, increase surface area, & allow plants to absorb vital nutrients n Fungi release enzyme to free nutrients in soil n Plant provides sugars, amino acids & oxygen to fungi

Ex. Orchid seeds n Orchids have small seeds and need help to get started. The fungus 'feeds' the orchid seed and the orchid roots protect the fungus.

2. Lichens Symbiosis b/t fungi & algae or cyanobacteria n Orange, green, black blotches seen on rocks, trees, & dry cold environments n Algae provide food by photosynthesis while fungi provides water & minerals n Lichens on rocks

Lichen structure Densely packed hyphae Layer of algae/ cyanobacteria Loosely packed hyphae Densely packed hyphae

Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation— occurs when hyphae break off & grow new mycelia n Budding—a fungal cell grows out & separates from parent cell (mitosis) n

Sexual Reproduction: Spores Produce fruiting body – mushroom cap (spore-containing structure) n Protect spores from drying out n Spores

n Spores dispersed by: wind, water, animals n Many spores produced

Examples • Rhizopus - black bread mold

Some important fungi Morels & truffles – delicacies - can retail for $500/lb! n Yeasts – baking & brewing, brewing Vaccine for Hepatitis B n MORELS YEAST TRUFFLES

More Examples… n Amanita – very poisonous n Shelf-bracket – parasite on trees

Penicillium mold Used to make antibiotic penicillin

Ecological Importance n Recycle nutrients, decomposers n Mychorrizae – see notes n Lichens – see notes STOP