Kingdom Fungi Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea
Kingdom: Fungi Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea 2007 -2008 Common ancestor Domain Eukarya
General characteristics • Classification criteria – eukaryotes – heterotrophs • feed by absorption – mostly multicellular • except unicellular yeasts – cell wall – sexual & asexual reproduction So that’s 3 times cell walls have evolved: bacteria, fungi, plants
Fungal Structure • Fungal body – mycelium • thread-like cells • hyphae • Cells – multiple nuclei • Cell wall – chitin • polysaccharide + N • just like crab shells
Internal structure chitin cell wall septum • Eukaryotic cells – long, thread-like cells • filamentous pore – incomplete divisions between cells • septum – multiple nuclei Aaaaah, structure–function relationship! nuclei
Modes of Nutrition • Heterotrophic fungal hypha – secrete digestive enzymes – feed by absorption • parasites – feeding on living creatures • predators – paralyzing prey plant cell membrane • decomposers – breakdown dead remains Fungi live IN their food! It’s like you living in Chocolate cake! plant cell wall
Ecological Roles • Decomposers – recycle nutrients • Symbiotic Relationships – lichen • fungi + algae – cyanobacteria or green algae • pioneer species in ecosystems • makes soil from bare rock – mycorrhizae Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture! • fungi + plants • live in & amongst plant roots • enables plants to absorb more water & nutrients
Mycorrhizae • Critical role in plant growth – extends water & nutrient absorption of roots without mycorrhizae Endomycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza with mycorrhizae
Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea 2007 -2008 Common ancestor Domain Eukarya
Animal Characteristics • Heterotrophs – must ingest others for nutrients • Multicellular – complex bodies • No cell walls – allows active movement • Sexual reproduction – no alternation of generations – no haploid gametophyte
Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility insects spiders starfish Chordata vertebrates body & brain backbone size, mobility body size endoskeleton coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral
Body Cavity • Space for organ system development – increase digestive & reproductive systems • increase food capacity & digestion • increase gamete production • Coelem – mesoderm & endoderm interact during development – allows complex structures to develop in digestive system • ex. stomach acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm coelom cavity endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome
Invertebrate: Annelida • Segmented worms – earthworms, leeches – segments • increase mobility • redundancy in body sections – bilaterally symmetrical – true coelem fan worm leech
Chordata • Vertebrates – fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals hollow dorsal nerve cord – internal bony skeleton • backbone encasing spinal column • skull-encased brain – deuterostome Oh, look… your first baby picture! vertebrate embryo becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube pharyngeal pouches postanal becomes tail or tailbone becomes vertebrae notochord
450 mya Vertebrates: Fish • Characteristics – body structure • bony & cartilaginous skeleton • jaws & paired appendages (fins) • scales – body function • gills for gas exchange • two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation • ectotherms – reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg salmon, trout, sharks gills body
Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea 2007 -2008 Common ancestor Domain Eukarya
monocot 1 seed leaf Plant Diversity Bryophytes non-vascular land plants Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants Gymnosperm pollen & “naked” seeds conifers mosses dicot 2 seed leaves Angiosperm flowers & fruit flowering plants flowers ferns pollen & seeds vascular system = water conduction Tracheophytes colonization of land Ancestral Protist xylem cells = tracheids
Animal vs. Plant life cycle Animal Plant diploid multicellular individual 2 n mitosis meiosis diploid multicellular sporophyte mitosis 2 n zygote 2 n meiosis fertilization gametes 1 n zygote 2 n fertilization mitosis haploid unicellular gametes 1 n no multicellular haploid spores 1 n mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte 1 n alternation of generations
Bryophytes: 1 st land plants • Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts – vascular system? • No! non-vascular • no water transport system • no true roots – dominant stage? • haploid gametophyte stage Where must • reduced, dependent sporophyte mosses live? • fuzzy moss plant you are familiar with is haploid – reproduction? • swimming sperm – flagellated • spores – sprout to form gametophyte haploid diploid
Pteridophytes: 1 st vascular plantsdiploid • Pteridophytes: ferns – vascular system? • Yes! vascular • water transport system • xylem, phloem, roots, leaves – dominant stage? Where must • diploid sporophyte stage ferns live? • fragile, independent gametophyte haploid (prothallus) – reproduction? • swimming sperm – flagellated • spores – sprout to form gametophyte
Alternation of generations • Fern gametophyte (1 n) – homospory: male & female gamete production on same plant archegonia antheridia
Alternation of generations diploid produces male & female gametes archegonia antheridia haploid
Pteridophytes: Tree ferns fronds fiddleheads With fronds like these who needs enemies!
First seed plants: Gymnosperm • Gymnosperm: conifers – vascular system? • Yes! vascular – xylem, phloem, roots, leaves – dominant stage? • diploid sporophyte stage • reduced (microscopic) gametophyte – reduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg & embryo in Where can protective sporophyte conifers live? – protected from drought & UV radiation • heterospory: male vs. female gametophytes – reproduction? • seeds – naked seeds (no fruit) • pollen – contain male gametophyte
First flowering plants § Angiosperm: flowering plants u vascular system? § Yes! vascular u dominant stage? § diploid sporophyte stage § reduced (microscopic) gametophyte w protects egg & embryo § heterospory: male vs. female gametophytes u reproduction? § flower ◆sexual selection: attract pollinators § seeds inside fruit ◆sexual selection: attract seed spreaders § pollen ◆ contain male gametophyte
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