Kingdom Diversity Taxonomy Hierarchy of classification Domain then

Kingdom Diversity

Taxonomy Hierarchy of classification: (Domain then Kingdom- Largest and most encompassing) (Species- smallest grouping- includes organisms that can interbreed) Binomial Nomenclature = Scientific naming • includes Genus and Species • Genus is capitalized while species is lowercase. • When in print, scientific name is italicized • When handwritten, scientific name is underlined

3 Domains and 6 kingdoms in tree of life

• • Eubacteria Cell type - Prokaryotes Number of cells - Unicellular Nutrition - Both heterotrophic and autotrophic forms Have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan – Peptidoglycan is made of amino acids and carbohydrates and is present in the cell walls of eubacteria.

Bacterial Shapes

Bacteria Examples

Archaebacteria • Cell type - Prokaryotes • Number of cells - Unicellular • Nutrition - Both heterotrophic and autotrophic forms • Have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan and therefore cannot be stained using gram staining techniques • Can survive in harsh environmental conditions • Examples: halophiles, thermophiles alkaliphiles, and acidophiles

Thermoacidophiles Thermophiles

Protista • Cell Type - Eukaryotic • Number of cells - Both unicellular and multicellular forms • Found in moist/wet environments • Nutrition - Both autotrophic and heterotrophic forms • Some with cell walls, some without.

Fungi • • Cell type - Eukaryotic Number of cells - Both Multicellular and Unicellular forms Nutrition - Heterotrophic Decomposers – Excrete enzymes to Digest food externally then Absorb nutrients from environment • Saprophytes – Living off of dead matter • Have cell walls – Made of chitin

• Cell type - Eukaryotic • # of Cells - Multicellular • Nutrition - Autotrophic/ Photosynthetic • Producers • Have cell walls – Made of cellulose Plantae

Plant Adaptations • Tropism- a plant’s response to its environment – Plants control their growth in response to stimuli by using hormones. – Hormones- chemicals made the organism & travel to another part of the organism. Affects the organisms activities at that location.

Plant Adaptations Hormones used by plants – Auxins are plant hormones that regulate phototropism. – Gibberellins- plant growth hormones that cause the plant to grow taller – Abscisic Acid- plant hormone that inhibits growth and cell division.

Plant Adaptations • Geotropism- a plant’s response to gravity

Plant Adaptations • Phototropism- a plant’s response to light

• Thigmotropism- a plant’s response to touch

Plant Adaptations- Cont. • Dormancy- plant seeds will not sprout unless favorable environmental conditions exist. • Waxy coating on leaves- to protect from evaporation/conserve water • Insulation- thick bark on conifers to protect against fire • Flexible branches- branches bend rather than breaking under weight from snow and ice • Pollination by: – wind, insects, birds, or other animals.

• Cell type Eukaryotes • # of cells Multicellular • Nutrition Heterotrophic • NO Cell Walls Animalia

Animal Adaptations • Behavior Adaptations – Inherited behavior • Innate behavior – Reflex » simple quick automatic behavior » For example, blinking – Instincts » More complex » May be a combination of behaviors » May take longer » For example, courtship behaviors – Territorial Behavior • Animals may exhibit aggression to protect: – Territory – Food source – Young offspring

Animal Adaptations Cont. – Migration- animals move to warmer climates during cold winter months. – Hibernation- physiological change where animal’s body temperature drops, consumption of oxygen decreases, and breathing rate decreases for cold winter months • Estivation- physiological change where animals reduce metabolic rate from extreme heat, lack of food, or long periods of drought – Learned behavior • Habituation • Imprinting

Animal Adaptations • Defense Adaptations – Mechanical Defenses • Camouflage – Cryptic coloration – Disruptive coloration – countershading – Chemical Defenses • Poisons • Irritants or taste bad • Nutrient exclusion