Kingdom Archaebacteria the oldest living organisms on Earth

Kingdom Archaebacteria *the oldest living organisms on Earth *there is evidence that bacteria without nuclei lived on earth 3. 5 billion years ago Archaeo= ancient Bacteria = a unicellular micro-organism

The 3 groups of Archaebacteria Methanogens 2) Extreme Halophiles 3) Thermoacidophiles 1)

1) Methanogens: *They are bacteria that make methane *oxygen is a poison to these bacteria *They produce energy by converting H 2 and CO 2 into methane gas. *thrive in extreme environments geothermal springs (200 m below ground)

Methanogens have been discovered in two extreme environments on Earth Habitat: Ø 1) Buried under kilometres of ice in Ø Greenland 2) living in hot, dry desert soil.

Mars Ø Some scientists have proposed that the presence of methane in the Martian atmosphere may be indicative of native methanogens on that planet Ø http: //www. space. com/science astronomy/051220_science_tu esday. html

2) Extreme Halophiles Name means: "salt-loving" bacteria live in environments with a very high salt concentration that would kill most other bacteria. *use salt to get energy *Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, etc.

Ø Ø Colonies of “salty” bacteria built this!!! Habitat: Shark bay, Australia. rocky formations up to 1. 5 meters high which were built by colonies of halophiles. Dead Sea Great Salt Lake

3) Thermoacidophiles Ø Name Means: hot acid loving bacteria Ø *Live in extremely hot (110 C) and acidic (p. H 2) conditions. {The p. H of water is about 7}

3) Thermoacidophiles Habitat: Ø Found in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, in volcanic vents on land, & in cracks on the ocean floor that leak scalding acidic water

Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Yellowstone National Park

Kingdom Eubacteria Eu = new or true

Shape of bacterial cells a) Cocci - round bacterial cells. (cox-eye). A B b) Bacilli - rod- shaped bacterial cells. c) Spirilli (corkscrew) - spiral -shaped bacterial cells C

A teaspoon of soil generally contains between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria Beneficial Bacteria The overwhelming majority of bacteria are completely harmless

5 types of friendly bacteria 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Nature’s recyclers In our body Food production Oil spills Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Nature’s recyclers Saprotrophic eater-eat dead things for food *release nutrients back into the environment *man-made landscapes often lack these good bacteria A scanning electron micrograph of the aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. The bacterium uses its long, whiplike flagellae to propel itself through the water layer that surrounds soil particles.

2) Our bodies: Ø Escherichia coli is a normal resident of the intestines in healthy people Ø it helps us break down food waste products Ø We pretty much depend upon E. coli in our intestines for our source of Vitamin K and Bcomplex vitamins.

3) Food production Ø Streptococcus lactis bacteria convert milk to cheese by causing the souring of milk that begins the cheese making process, Ø bacteria convert grapes to wine and then wine to vinegar Ø The name for this process is FERMENTATION

Fermentation A chemical process that occurs when bacteria change sugar into various products Ø It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without using oxygen Examples: Ø Grapes----- Wine----- Vinegar Ø Milk ----- Yogurt or cheese Ø Cabbage ----- Sauerkraut Ø

4) Oil spills Ø Naturally occurring, oil -eating bacteria are used in response to crude oil spills Ø without causing further harm to the environment.

How do oil spills cause harm? *Birds die from oil spills if their feathers are covered in oil. The bird will then be poisoned because it will try to clean itself. *Oil may also cause the death of an animal by entering the animal’s lungs or liver More than half of the seal pups living off the coast of Mid -Norway are contaminated with oil every spring

5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria some plants (peanuts, beans, peas) have pockets of bacteria in their roots Ø can take Nitrogen from the air and make it useful for plants and animals by making the soil fertile Ø helps farmers save $ on fertilizers Ø plants use Nitrogen to make needed proteins Ø

How do bacteria reproduce? Ø Grow in number not in size l Humans grow in size from child to adult Ø Make copies of themselves by dividing in half l Human parents create a child USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom © University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

How do bacteria eat? Ø Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants-autotrophic Ø Photosynthetic bacteria Some are scavengers-saprotrophic l Share the environment around them • Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfast Ø Some are warriors (pathogens) l They attack other living things-heterotrophic Harmless bacteria on the stomach lining • Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acne USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom © University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 E. Coli O 157: H 7 is a pathogen

What is a pathogen? Ø Bacteria that make you sick l Why do they make you sick? • To get food they need to survive and reproduce l How do they make you sick? • They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destroy body tissue USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom © University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

Where do you get a pathogen? Indirect contact Ø Contact with people who are sick l Direct or indirect Ø Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminated Foods that could be contaminated USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom © University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006 Direct contact