Kingdom Archaebacteria By Alexis Avila Nilanka Lord Archaebacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria By Alexis Avila & Nilanka Lord
Archaebacteria are not fully understood! �Relatively new discovery so we don’t know too much about them �Classification is very difficult �Originally classified under Kingdom Monera with the rest of the bacteria �Studies showed that 50% of their genes did not resemble those of other bacteria
Characteristics of Archaebacteria �Can only live in areas without oxygen �Extremophillic (thrive under extreme conditions) �Prokaryotic (very similar to bacteria) Single-celled No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Navigate using one or more flagella
Size and Shape of Archaebacteria �Volume is about one-thousandth that of eukaryotes �Can be cocci, bacilli, or spirilla in shape
Parts of Archaebacteria �Cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan �Phospholipid bilayer Composed of glycerol-ether lipids, unlike bacteria �One or more flagella
Reproduction �Reproduce asexually via binary fission (prokaryotic) Binary fission: when a single DNA molecule replicates and two identical cells are created from original cell
Ecological Significance �World's most prolific methane producers �Play a big role in digestion in many organisms �Some are found in the gut of humans and assist in digestion �Forms symbiotic relationships with: ▪ Giant tube worms (Riftia pachyptila) ▪ Termites ▪ Herbivores (like cows and horses) �Suspected to play a role in periodontal disease, but not proven
Modes of Nutrition � Archaebacteria have 4 ways of getting food: Photoautotrophic- Calvin Cycle (light energy + CO 2) Chemoautotrophic- reverse Krebs cycle (inorganic chemicals + CO 2) Photoheterotrophic- use light + organic chemicals to make food Chemoheterotrophic- undergo respiration, either Krebs, TCA, or Citric Acid cycle, and then ETC (organic chemicals + CO 2)
Uniqueness �Thermotaxis (movement toward extreme temperatures) �Evolution of thermotaxis due to lack of competition for survival
Groups of Archaebacteria Thermoacidophiles Methanogens (Make METHANE) Halophiles (Love SALT) (Love HEAT & ACID)
Methanogens
Characteristics of Methanogens � Found in oxygen-free environments � Produce methane gas from HO 2 & CO 2 � Can live and produce in conditions other bacteria can’t survive in � Most are coccoid or rod-like in shape (few exhibit a plate-like shape) Cluster of coccoid methanogens http: //faculty. college-prep. org/~bernie/sciproject/Kingdoms/Bacteria 3/methanogens. htm
Methanobrevibacter ruminantium � Found in the guts of rumen (like cows) � Turn H 2 into CH 4 (methane) � Cows release this methane into the atmosphere � Scientists looking for a way to limit their production of methane http: //202. 114. 65. 51/fzjx/wsw/newindex/tuku/MYPER/a 2/750. htm
Halophiles
Characteristics of Halophiles �Require salt-rich environments to survive (due to high internal salt concentration) �Like plants, they use sunlight as a source of photosynthetic energy �Get their color and chemical energy from bacteriorhodopsin (a light-sensitive pigment) �Most are rod-shaped (bacilli)
Halobacterium halobium � Prevalent bacteria in the Great Salt Lake � Can survive in salt concentrations 10 x saltier than that of the oceans http: //domescobar. blogspot. com/2011/11/oito-criaturas-da-terra-que-poderiam. html
Owens Lake Bed (Sierra Nevada, California) http: //school. nettrekker. com/go. External? np=/external. ftl&pp=/error. ftl&evl. Code=255279&product. Name=school&HOMEPAGE=H
Thermoacidophiles
Characteristics of Thermoacidophiles �Can live and thrive in extremely hot, sulferic, and/or acidic environments �Include: ØThermophiles= thrive in extremely high temperatures ØAcidophiles= p. H tolerant (function at 1 -5 p. H) ØSulfolobus= thrive in sulfur-rich environments
Desulfonauticus submarinus � Live in giant, deep-sea tube worms called Riftia pachyptila � Share a symbiotic relationship with the tube worms � Make food and energy for the tube worms via chemosynthesis http: //bioweb. uwlax. edu/bio 203/s 2007/rossing_jaco/images/tubeworms. jpg. GOVwww. nsf. gov. jpg
Sulfolobus solfataricus � Found in sulfur-rich, acidic environments � Grows optimally at 80⁰C � Capable of living in extremely acidic circumstances (1 -5 p. H) http: //www. sulfosys. com/tl_files/sulfosys/sulfolobus/Zelle. jpg
AP QUESTIONS!
1) All of the following are examples of substances found in bacteria or archaea EXCEPT: a) b) c) d) e) peptidoglycan flagellin bacteriorhodopsin chitin phycobilins
2) Which of the following contains prokaryote organisms capable of surviving extreme conditions of heat and salt concentration? a) b) c) d) e) archaea viruses protists fungi plants
Sources � Archaebacteria http: //ic. galegroup. com/ic/scic/Reference. Details. Page/Reference. Details. Window? display. Group. Name=Refere nce&disable. Highlighting=false&prod. Id=SCIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&cat. Id=&document. Id=GALE %7 CCV 2644030155&mode=view http: //plantphys. info/organismal/lechtml/archaea. shtml http: //www. nature. com/ismej/journal/v 1/n 1/full/ismej 20078 a. html http: //school. nettrekker. com/go. External? np=/external. ftl&pp=/error. ftl&evl. Code=240911&product. Name=sc hool&HOMEPAGE=H http: //www. pnas. org/content/101/16/6176. long http: //faculty. college-prep. org/~bernie/sciproject/Kingdoms/Bacteria 3/methanogens. htm http: //www. angelfire. com/ks 3/lditton/archaebacteria. html http: //www. enotes. com/science/q-and-a/methanogens-halophiles-thermoacidophiles-3 -groups-156123 http: //www. hindawi. com/journals/arch/2010/945785/ http: //waynesword. palomar. edu/plsept 98. htm http: //mmbr. asm. org/content/62/2/504. full http: //go. galegroup. com/ps/retrieve. do? sg. Hit. Count. Type=None&sort=DASORT&in. PS=true&prod. Id=GPS&user. Group. Name=lcpsh&tab. ID=T 003&search. Id=R 1&result. List. Type=RESUL T_LIST&content. Segment=&search. Type=Basic. Search. Form¤t. Position=2&content. Set=GALE%7 CA 168 664452&&doc. Id=GALE|A 168664452&doc. Type=GALE&role=ITOF � � � Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles
- Slides: 25