Kingdom Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria AP Biology

Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007 -2008 Common ancestor

Animal Characteristics § Heterotrophs u must ingest others for nutrients § Multicellular u complex bodies § No cell walls u allows active transport § Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations u no haploid gametophyte u AP Biology

Check For Understanding: § If animals have NO haploid gametophyte stage, how does sexual reproduction work? § Meiosis Produces gametes, fertilization occurs inside the diploid female! AP Biology

Human Life Multicellular Diploid (2 N) stages Cycle Example: Produce gametes Unicellular haploid Gametes (n) are produced by meiosis Diploid (2 N) offspring grow and develop Fertilization occurs inside Female AP Biology Zygote develops after fertilization

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca sponges multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist specialization & body complexity Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata

Invertebrate: Porifera § Sponges u no distinct tissues or organs § do have specialized cells no symmetry u sessile (as adults) u AP Biology food taken into each cell by endocytosis

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca jellyfish tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata

Invertebrate: Cnidaria § Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs u radial symmetry polyp u predators u § tentacles surround gut opening § extracellular digestion w release enzymes into gut cavity w absorption by cells lining gut AP Biology medusa

Stinging cells of Cnidarians mouth tentacles sensory cell stinging cell hydra AP Biology trigger stinging cell with nematocyst discharged nematocyst undischarged nematocyst

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata flatworms radial bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes § Flatworms u u u tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical § have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end Animals now w cephalization = development of brain face the world w concentration of sense organs in head on! § increase specialization in body plan ectoderm AP Biology acoelomate mesoderm endoderm

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata flatworms roundworms radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Invertebrate: Nematoda § Roundworms u u bilaterally symmetrical body cavity C. elegans § pseudocoelom = simple body cavity § digestive system w tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) u many are parasitic § hookworm AP Biology

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata flatworms roundworms mollusks coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Invertebrate: Mollusca § Mollusks u u slugs, snails, clams, squid bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells true coelem § increases complexity & specialization of internal organs AP Biology

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Invertebrate: Annelida § Segmented worms u u earthworms, leeches segments § increase mobility § redundancy in body sections u u AP Biology bilaterally symmetrical true coelem fan worm leech

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms Chordata insects spiders redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Invertebrate: Arthropoda § Spiders, insects, crustaceans u u u most successful animal phylum bilaterally symmetrical segmented § specialized segments § allows jointed appendages u exoskeleton § chitin (carbohydrate) + protein AP Biology

Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp AP Biology insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms insects spiders Chordata starfish redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility body size endoskeleton coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Invertebrate: Echinodermata § Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber u u u AP Biology radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton loss of bilateral symmetry? deuterostome

Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility insects spiders starfish Chordata vertebrates body & brain backbone size, mobility body size endoskeleton coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral

Chordata § Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals hollow dorsal nerve cord u internal bony skeleton u § backbone encasing spinal column § skull-encased brain u deuterostome Oh, look… your first baby picture! AP Biology vertebrate embryo becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube pharyngeal pouches postanal becomes tail or tailbone becomes vertebrae notochord

Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata § Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? § Which group is the sponges? § Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? § Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? § Which two groups have radial symmetry? § What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? AP Biology § Which group has no symmetry?

Independent Practice § Using your table and page 741 of your text, summarize the characteristics of each branch point in the animal kingdom on your chart § Make sure to explain what the characteristic means (Use chapter 25. 2) and to give several examples of animals in that group. AP Biology

Explain that Group: sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms 6 5 4 3 2 1 AP Biology Ancestral Protist insects spiders 7 starfish 8 vertebrates 9

Homework (page 821): § Sketch and study the jellyfish lifecycle in your notes, labeling each stage. 1) Why do jellyfish not show alternation in generations? 2) How does a jellyfish asexually reproduce? Explain. 3) How does a jellyfish sexually reproduce? AP Biology

That’s the buzz! Any Questions? AP Biology 2010 -2011