Kingdom Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria AP Biology
Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria AP Biology Slide show modified from: Kim Foglia @ www. explorebiology. com Blue edged slides are Kim’s Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007 -2008 Common ancestor
Animal Characteristics § Heterotrophs u must ingest others for nutrients § Multicellular u complex bodies § No cell walls u allows active movement § Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations u no haploid gametophyte u AP Biology
Disagreement about phylogeny of BILATERIA Protostomia Images from Campbell and Reece AP BIOLOGY
http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/echinoderm_notes. htm WHY ARE ECHINODERMS PLACED IN BILATERIA? Its larvae are BILATERALLY symmetrical and develop like deuterostomes!
Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinoderm Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms insects spiders Chordata starfish vertebrates backbone segmentation endoskeleton eucoelom body cavity bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist
Invertebrate: Porifera § Sponges u u Diploblastic (two germ layers) no distinct tissues or organs § do have specialized cells u u no symmetry sessile (as adults) AP Biology food taken into each cell by endocytosis
Invertebrate: Cnidaria § Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral u u Diploblastic (two germ layers) tissues, but no organs radial symmetry predators § tentacles surround gut opening § GASTROVASCULAR cavity § extracellular digestion w release enzymes into gut cavity AP Biology
Stinging cells of Cnidarians mouth tentacles sensory cell stinging cell hydra AP Biology trigger stinging cell with nematocyst discharged nematocyst undischarged nematocyst
3 KINDS OF WORMS - 3 KINDS OF COELOMS ectoderm mesoderm FLATWORMS acoelomate ROUND WORMS endoderm ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate SEGMENTED WORMS ectoderm mesoderm True coelomate endoderm
Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes § Flatworms u u u u u Triploblastic (3 germ layers) Acoelom Fluke, tapeworm, Planaria Some parasitic bilaterally symmetrical Have “less than 2” opening digestive system Flame cells-excretory Breathe through skin Open circulation Tapeworm absorb AP Biologythru skin Planaria GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
Invertebrate: Nematoda § Roundworms u u Triploblastic Pseudocoelom bilaterally symmetrical have both mouth & anus § well-developed digestive system u many are parasitic § Hookworm, pinworms u u Breathe through skin Open circulation AP Biology C. elegans
Invertebrate: Annelida earthworm Segmented worms u u u u earthworms, leeches segments are not specialized bilaterally symmetrical true coelom 2 opening digestive system Breathe through skin CLOSED circulation NEPHRIDIA- excretory AP Biology fan worm leech
Invertebrate: Mollusca Mollusks u u u clams, snails, octopus bilaterally symmetrical soft bodies, many protected by hard shells true coelom OPEN circulation (except cephalopods) AP Biology
Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal phylum u bilaterally symmetrical u segmented u JOINTED APPENDAGES u EXOSKELETON (chitin + protein) u OPEN CIRCULATION u AP Biology
Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts MALPIGHIAN TUBULES spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae Green glands crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp AP Biology insects 6 legs, 3 body parts
Invertebrate: Echinodermata § Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber u u u Adults - radially symmetrical Larva-bilaterally symmetrical spiny endoskeleton Water vascular system OPEN circulation AP Biology
Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata § Which phylum includes snails, clams, and octopus? § Which phylum is the sponges? § Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? § Which phylum has jointed appendages & an § § exoskeleton? Which two groups are radially symmetrical? Which group has no symmetry? Type of circulation most invertebrates have? Which groups are DIPLOBLASTIC? AP Biology
PHYLUM = Chordata CHARACTERISTICS: NOTOCHORD PHARYNGEAL POUCHES POST ANAL TAIL DORSAL NERVE CORD hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube pharyngeal pouches postanal becomes tail or tailbone becomes vertebrae notochord
SUBPHYLUM = VERTEBRATA fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS: ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS: • • Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord Cranium (skull) to protect brain Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage Closed circulatory system
NOTOCHORD Notochord: flexible rod Helps organize developing cells in embryo Replaced by spinal cord in most vertebrates Becomes the vertebrae http: //www. xenbase. org/xmmr/Marker_pages/notochord/Tor 70 stg 22. jpg
DORSAL NERVE CORD VENTRAL HEART Spinal cord forms along dorsal side Images from: http: //www. nvo. com/jin/nssfolder/scrapbookanatomy/dorsal%20 nerve%20 cord. jpg http: //www. ekinos. com. ar/horse. jpg
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES Become gills in some vertebrates Become back of throat and inner ears in humans http: //www-biol. paisley. ac. uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/subunits/notoc. htm
POST ANAL TAIL
Human Embryo 32 days old http: //www. evcforum. net/Ref. Lib/Evidences. Macroevolution 2_files/human_embryo. jpg Pharyngeal arches appear during 4 th week Tail disappears at approximately 8 weeks
450 mya Vertebrates: Fish § Characteristics u body structure § bony OR cartilaginous skeleton § Scales, fins § Lungs/swim bladder u body function § gills for gas exchange § two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation § ectotherms u reproduction AP Biology § external fertilization § external development in aquatic egg salmon, trout, sharks gills body
Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Humerus Femur Pelvis Tibia Ulna Shoulder Radius Lobe-finned fish Fibula Pelvis Femur Fibula AP Biology Humerus Tibia Early amphibian Ulna Shoulder Radius Evidence suggests lobe finned fish are ancestors of amphibians
http: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction. jpg TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods § Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers § Earliest fish with a neck § Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004
350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibian § Characteristics u lung body structure buccal cavity § legs (tetrapods) § Thin, moist skin u body function glottis closed § lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange § three-chambered heart/2 loops § Ectotherms § Excrete UREA u reproduction § external fertilization § external development in aquatic egg § metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) AP Biology
250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile Vertebrates: Reptiles § Characteristics § Dry, scaly skin u body function § § u lungs for gas exchange three-chambered heart/2 loops (except crocodilians) ectotherms excrete URIC ACID reproduction § INTERNAL fertilization § external development- AMNIOTIC egg leathery embryo shell chorion AP Biology allantois yolk sac amnio
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT AMNIOTIC EGGreptiles didn’t have to return to water to lay eggs amnion -bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http: //medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/amnions http: //media-2. web. britannica. com/eb-media/27/117227 -050 -E 1 C 9 ABEE. jpg
150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Vertebrates: Birds § Characteristics u body structure § feathers & wings § thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton u body function § § u very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart/2 loops endotherms excrete URIC ACID reproduction trachea lung anterior air sacs § INTERNAL fertilization § external development in AMNIOTIC egg posterior air sacs AP Biology
220 mya / 65 mya Vertebrates: Mammals § Characteristics u mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans body structure § hair § specialized teeth u body function muscles contract § lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure § four-chambered heart/2 loops § endotherms u reproduction § internal fertilization § internal development in uterus w nourishment through placenta § birth live young § mammary glands make milk AP Biology diaphragm contracts
Vertebrates: Mammals § Sub-groups u monotremes § egg-laying mammals § duckbilled platypus, echidna u marsupials § pouched mammals § short-lived placenta § koala, kangaroo, opossum u placental § true placenta § shrews, bats, whales, humans AP Biology
Vertebrate quick check… § § § § Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic? Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals? AP Biology
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