Kingdom Animalia Members of the kingdom Animalia are
Kingdom Animalia
Members of the kingdom Animalia are: – multicellular, – eukaryotic, – heterotrophs – whose cells lack cell walls Most are mobile
• Like all other organisms, – Animals maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment. – Homeostasis is maintained by feedback inhibition, which is a process in which the result limits the process.
Feedback Inhibition • Think of a thermostat and how it cools the room.
ALL ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS!!! • We are stressing homeostasis in the animal unit because we will be studying animal (specifically human) body systems. • We need to pay attention to how each body system maintains homeostasis and how they interact with and regulate other systems.
• Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell specialization. (Blood) (Heart) (Liver)
Other characteristics of complex animals: 1. Bilateral symmetry – have left and right sides that are the same.
Other characteristics of complex animals: 2. Cephalization - have a front end or head with a concentration of sense organs.
Other characteristics of complex animals: 3. Coelom - have a true body cavity lined in mesoderm. (We will learn what makes a true coelom later. )
Other characteristics of complex animals: 4. Segmentation- different parts of the body are specialized for different functions • Ex: our head holds sense organs, circulation and respiration is focused in the chest, movement carried out by our arms and legs)
Two Types of Animals: 1. Invertebrates: no backbone (several phyla) 2. Vertebrates: have a backbone (all included in one phylum) Invertebrate Vertebrate
Animal Survival • When studying animals, we will differentiate between them and classify them based on some of their structures and functions for survival. 1. Feeding- filter feeders strain floating organisms from the water, all else ingest their food and then excrete waste
Animal Survival 1. Respiration- gas exchange can occur by diffusion 1. through skin- “cutaneous respiration” 2. across gills, 3. or in lungs Gills Lungs
Animal Survival 3. Circulation- open circulation (only partially contained in vessels) or closed circulation (all enclosed in vessels) Open Closed
Animal Survival 4. Excretion- various methods of ridding the body of wastes Ex: sweat and urine
Animal Survival 5. Response- nervous tissue arrangement ***Not everything has a true BRAIN, but any concentration of nerve cells can help with quicker and/or more advanced responses
Animal Survival 6. Movement- some cannot move (sessile), some can move about (motile) Sessile Motile
Animal Survival 7. Reproduction- sexual or asexual; some even can do both methods or switch sexes in their lifetimes (like Rotifers)
Basic Animal Embryology • During sexual reproduction, the egg and the sperm come together to form a zygote, or fertilized egg.
Embryological Development • The egg then begins to divide many times by mitosis until it becomes a morula, a solid ball of cells, and then eventually becomes a blastula, or a hollow ball of cells. The cavity inside the blastula is called the blastocoel.
Embryological Development • The blastula begins to fold in to form a tiny hole, called a blastopore, which eventually becomes an opening to the digestive tract.
Embryological Development • The blastopore continues to fold inward, which runs down the length of the embryo called the archenteron, or “ancient gut”, which becomes the digestive tract. The hollow ball with the archenteron is called a gastrula. Archenteron
There are 2 fates that the blastopore can have: 1. Protostome: blastopore becomes the mouth and second hole becomes the anus; most invertebrates 2. Deuterostome: blastopore becomes the anus and mouth is formed by the second hole; mostly vertebrates
Cells form in 3 layers called germ layers. 1. Endoderm: inner; forms the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system 2. Mesoderm: middle; forms muscular, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems 3. Ectoderm: outer; forms sense organs, nervous system, and skin
• Depending on how the three germ layers develop, a body cavity or coelom may form around the digestive tract. – A true coelom is completely lined in mesoderm tissue. – The evolutionary advantage of a coelom is that it provides a space for the internal organs to be suspended and not be pressed upon by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements.
– A true coelom is completely lined in mesodermal tissue. – A pseudocoelom, or “false coelom”, is only partially lined in mesoderm.
Body Symmetry There are two types of symmetry: 1. Radial Symmetry: body part repeats around the center of the body (like a star fish) 2. Bilateral Symmetry: the body can be divided into two equal halves (like a human being)
Basic Overview of The 11 Phyla of Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera 1. Porifera: sponges – few specialized cells – sessile filter feeder
Phylum Cnidaria 2. Cnidarians: corals, jellyfish, hydras – soft bodies – carnivorous animals that have stinging tentacles – has a gastrovascular cavity for feeding and gas exchange Sea anenome Jellyfish Coral
Phylum Cnidaria 2. Cnidarians: corals, jellyfish, hydras – life cycle in two phases – polyp (sessile) and medusa (looks like jellyfish- swimming)
Phylum Ctenophora 3. Ctenophora: comb jellies • • Resemble medusa of Cnidarians, but differ in cell layers Radially symmetrical Two long ciliated tenticles that aide in feeding and movement All marine
Phylum Platyhelminthes 4. Platyhelminthes: flatworms: flukes, tubellarians, tapeworms – Some free-living, some parasitic – Have no body cavity- acoelomate – Has a single opening into the Planariadigestive tract (mouth/anus) Planaria Tapeworm (Taenia taeniformis)
Phylum Rotifera 5. Rotifera: rotifers, “wheel animals” – Under 1 mm in length – Use cilia for feeding – have a false body cavity called a pseudocoelom
Phylum Nematoda 6. Nematoda: round worms – – – unsegmented worms some cause disease, such as trichinosis have a false body cavity called a pseudocoelom C. elegans Strongyloides
Phylum Annelida 7. Annelida: segmented worms: earthworms, leeches – Have a true coelom – free-living Autolytus pachycerus Acrocirrus validus Amphinomidae Hirudinea (leech) Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm)
Phylum Mollusca 8. Mollusca: – soft bodies with internal or external shell Snail Nautilus Flavella affinis
Phylum Mollusca Start at 4: 22 – 3 groups: • Gastropods: snails, slugs, limpits, nudibranchs • Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops • Cephalopods: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish Nautilus Snails Limpits Oyster with a pearl
Phylum Arthropoda 9. Arthropods: • Tough external skeleton, segmented body • jointed appendages • 4 groups: 1. crustaceans: 2 pairs of antennae, chewing mouthparts; includes crawfish, lobsters, shrimp, Semibalanus cariosus barnacles (barnacle) Crayfish Grapsus grapsus (crab)
Phylum Arthropoda 9. Arthropods: 2. chelicerates: 2 body parts, 4 pairs of walking legs; includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites Habronattus (spider) Argiope Bruennichi (spider) Smeringurus mesaensis (scorpion) Dermacentor occidentalis (tick) Dermacentor Variabilis (tick)
Phylum Arthropoda 9. Arthropods: 3. uniramians: millipedes and centipedes African giant millipede Desert centipede Flat-backed millipede
Phylum Arthropoda 9. Arthropods: 4. insects: three body segments and three pairs of walking legs; 73% of all animals Grasshopper Walking stick Zygoptera (damselfly) Thermobia domestica (silverfish) Praying mantis Cockroach
Phylum Echinodermata 10. Echinodermata: sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars – – Means “spiny skin” radial symmetry internal skeleton tube feet- little suction cups that help in walking and feeding Sea star Sea urchin Sea cucumber
Phylum Chordata 11. Chordata: sea squirts, lancelets • We will cover chordates in more detail in another set of notes Sea squirt Lancelets
For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known: • Anterior: toward the head or top – Also called cranial • Posterior: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus – Also called Caudal • Ventral: at the front of, in front • Dorsal: behind, in the back of • Lateral: away from the center of the body
Details of Phyla • Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart – Specialization- are cells specialized for different jobs? – Symmetry- is it radial or bilateral? Is there symmetry at all? – Body Cavity- do they have a true coelom? Pseudocoelom? No body cavity at all? – Protostome/Deuterostome- does the blastopore become the mouth or the anus?
Details of Phyla • Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart – Digestion- Do they digest inside the cells or outside the cells? How many openings does the digestive tract have? – Segmentation- are there divisions along the body specialized for different purposes? – Skeleton- internal, external, or hydrostatic? – Examples- what do animals in this phylum look like?
Skeleton- do you mean like bones? • Skeleton refers to a support system- remember that animals do not have cell walls- so what holds animals into shape and prevents them from being a giant blob of cells? • Hydrostatic skeleton- fluid pressing against muscles, no hard parts • External skeleton- tough outer covering of chitin • Internal skeleton- this is what YOU have- internal HARD substances like BONES
Phylum Porifera • Cell Specialization: Yes (few) • Symmetry: None (asymmetrical) • Body Cavity: No Digestive Tract • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A
Phylum Porifera • Digestion: Filter feeder Intracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Silica • Example: Sponges
Phylum Porifera • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: – occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells • Reproduction: – asexual (budding) or sexual (internal fertilization) • Response – Produce toxins to ward off predators (sea slugs)
Phylum Cnidaria • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Gastrovascular cavity (one opening) for feeding and gas exchange • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A
Phylum Cnidaria • Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) • Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war
Phylum Cnidaria • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: – occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells, or cell to cell • Reproduction: – Asexual (budding) or sexual (external fertilization) • Response: – Nerve net – Stinging cells called cnidocytes on tentacles
Ctenophora • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Gastrovascular cavity with 2 openings: mouth and anal pore • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A
Ctenophora • Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) • Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war
Ctenophora • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: – occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells • Reproduction: – hermaphroditic • Response: – Nerve net – No stinging cells, but have sticky cells called colloblasts used to capture prey – bioluminescent
Phylum Platyhelminthes • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Acoelomate (have a digestive tract but no body cavity) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome
Phylum Platyhelminthes • Digestion: Extracellular in the gastrovascular cavity one opening- mouth/anus • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Examples: Tapeworms, Flukes
Phylum Platyhelminthes • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Diffusion exchanges gas and excretes waste through body walls • Response: – Ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) – Eyespots (detect light) • Reproduction: – Sexual • Hermaphrodites (produce both egg and sperm cells) • Two worms can exchange sperm – Asexual • fission
Rotifera • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate (lined partially with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Cilia covered corona
Rotifera • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: rotifers (seen in your pond water lab)
Rotifera • Parthenogenetic reproduction (eggs are diploid) and only in certain conditions are males formed. • Males are formed from unfertilized haploid eggs – Fertilize other haploid eggs and create a dormant fertilized egg that under the right conditions will become a parthenogenetic female.
Phylum Nematoda • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate (lined partially with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome
Phylum Nematoda • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: Hookworms, Filarial worms, pinworms, heartworms
Phylum Nematoda • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Diffusion transports nutrients and gases – Flame cells remove excess water from the body • Response: – Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) – Several nerve extend the length of the body • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization
Phylum Annelida • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate (lined with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome
Phylum Annelida • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: Leeches, earthworms, meal worms
Phylum Annelida • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) – Closed circulatory system – Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid • Response: – Brain and several nerve cords – Sensory tentacles, chemical receptors • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization – Some annelids are hermaphrodites
Mollusca • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome
Mollusca • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Examples: Snails, clams, squids, octopi
Phylum Mollusca • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) – Open circulatory system – Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid • Response: – Simple nervous system (small ganglia, few nerve cords, simple sense organs) (ex: clams) – Well-developed brains (ex: octopi) • Reproduction: – Sexual: • external or internal fertilization • Hermaphrodites or separate sexes
Phylum Arthropoda • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome
Phylum Arthropoda • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Exoskeleton • Examples: Crustaceans, Arachnids, Insects
Phylum Arthropoda • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Trachael tubes or book lungs – Open circulatory system – Malphigian tubules extract waste from the blood and add it to digestive waste • Response: – Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) – Several nerve extend the length of the body • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization
Phylum Echinodermata • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome
Phylum Echinodermata • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Endoskeleton • Examples: Sea stars, Brittle stars, sand dollars
Phylum Echinodermata • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Diffusion through tube feet – Circulation through water vascular system • Response: – Nerve ring that surrounds the mouth has radial nerves that connect to body sections • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization
Phylum Chordata • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Endoskeleton • Example: Lancelet, sea squirts
Nonvertebrate chordates • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome
Nonvertebrate Chordata • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Endoskeleton • Example: Lancelet, sea squirts
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