Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates no backbone Vertebrates

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates (no backbone) Vertebrates (backbone) 95% 5% Phylum Chordata Phylum Porifera (sponges ) Phylum Cnidaria (jellies) Worms Round, flat and segmented Phylum Mollusca (mollusks) Phylum Arthropoda (insects, Etc. Phylum Echinodermata (sea stars)

Animals Characteristics of animals: Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Cells lack cell walls

Animals show division of labour: Occurs when cells that are specialized carry out different functions in the animal. Each cell has a special shape, size, and structure to do its job.

Animals Levels of organization in multicellular animals: Level 1: Cellular level – individual cells can perform special tasks, but not work together.

Animals Levels of organization in multicellular animals: Level 2: Tissue level – groups of similar cells that do similar work (gathered together in layers). I. e. Muscle tissue, skin tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue.

Animals Levels of organization in multicellular animals: Level 3: Organ level – groups of different tissues that work together to perform a certain job. I. e. heart, liver, intestine.

Animals Levels of organization in multicellular animals: Level 4: Organ system – groups of different organs that work together to do a job. I. e. nervous system, digestive system, respiratory system.

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera

Sponges

Sponges Osculum Large hole that leads to the central cavity. Collar cells Flagellated. Trap food, digest food. Power the water that flows into the sponge by flagella. Pore cell Water moves into the sponge here

Sponges Amebocyte Form spicules from either Ca. CO 3 or Si. O 2. Finish digestion that is not completed by the collar cells. May pick up sperm taken into the sponge and deliver it to the eggs for fertilizaiton. Can move around the sponge to multitask. Special amebocytes release chemicals that help destroy old shells and corals. Epidermis Outer surface of the sponge.

Sponges Spicule Form the skeleton of the sponge. Some sponges do not have spicules but use a protein called spongin. Ex. A natural bath sponge has spongin.

Sponges Feeding: Sponges are filter feeders that sift tiny particles of food from the water that passes through them. . Food particles then get trapped by collar cells.

Sponges Digestion: Trapped particles are engulfed by the collar cells where they are digested – if not, particles are passed on to the amebocytes. After digestion of particles, amebocytes deliver the digested parts to other parts of the sponge – all digestion takes place inside the cells.

Sponges Internal transport: The water that passes through the sponge is the transport system.

Sponges Excretion: Metabolic wastes produced from respiration are carried away by the water that flows through the sponge.

Sponges Respiration: As water passes through the sponge, O 2 is removed from the water and CO 2 is passed into the water.

Sponges Reproduction: a) Sexual Sperm is released into the water flowing through the sponge then fertilizes the eggs of another sponge to form a zygote. Sperm are picked up by the amebocyte and carried to the egg for fertilization. Zygote develops into a larva that can be carried by currents far away to develop into a new sponge. Sometime eggs are released into the water for fertilization. Sponges practice internal and external fertilization.

Sponges Reproduction: b) Asexual i) Gemmules: sphere-shaped collection of amebocytes surrounded by a layer of spicules (skeleton). Gemmules are capable of surviving long periods of unfavorable conditions, then grow into a new sponge. ii) Budding: Part of the sponge falls off and simply grown into a new sponge.

Sponges in the world: Sponges clean up the ocean floor by releasing chemicals from special amebocytes that allow the sponge to bore or drill through pieces of coral or old shells and destroy them. Sponges manufacture numerous chemicals to discourage bacteria and algae from settling and living on their surfaces. Many are powerful antibiotics, fight against viruses and may also be helpful against leukemia and herpes viruses.

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria

Cnidarians

Cnidarians A feature of cnidarians is that they contain nematocysts. Nematocysts are poison filled darts that are released by the cnidarian that buries itself in the skin of the animal (spring loaded!). Prey becomes paralyzed and dies.

Cnidarians After the prey has become poisoned, the cnidarian uses its tentacles to push the prey into its mouth. Food enters the gastrovascular cavity where it is broken up. Special cells in the gastroderm take up and digest the food particles. Digested food particles are transported to the rest of the body by diffusion.

Cnidarians Inside many cnidarians are protists that grow inside them that are autotrophic. Protists use the CO 2 and metabolic wastes to make O 2 and organic compounds for the cnidarian. Some cnidarians live only in the light to accomplish this.

Cnidarians Respiration and excretion take place directly into the water by diffusion through their body wall. They have no other means of excretion or internal transport.

Cnidarians have no central nervous system or brain. Their nerve net is concentrated around the mouth, but it also spreads throughout the body.

Cnidarians lack muscle cells for movement. Instead the epidermal cells can change shape when stimulated by the nervous system. In the polyp, the tentacles can move by relaxing and contracting epidermal cells. In the medusa, epidermal cells can change the shape of the bell causing it to close like an umbrella forcing water out like jet propulsion.