Kingdom Adaptations Adaptations An adaptation is any inherited

Kingdom Adaptations

Adaptations An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival. These can be: Behavioral - responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce. Physiological - a body process that helps an organism to survive/reproduce. Structural - a feature of an organism's body that helps it to survive/reproduce.

Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Characteristics of Bacteria ‐ Prokaryotic ‐ Unicellular ‐ Autotrophic or Heterotrophic ‐ Contain circular DNA (Plasmid) - No complex organs - Reproduce asexually via binary fission

Bacteria are classified based on shape: • Bacilli – rod shaped • Cocci – sphere shaped • Spirilla – spiral shaped • When bacteria are named, part of their name is based on their shape. • For Example: the bacteria that causes strep throat, Streptococcus pyogenes, is partially named due to the spherical shape of the bacteria.

Bacteria are classified based on how they obtain energy: ● Bacteria are classified based on how they obtain energy (get food): Consumers (heterotrophs) - get their energy from other organisms (parasite or decomposer) -parasites – organisms that feed on living things -decomposers - get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals **(Bacteria are the #1 decomposer) 2) Producers (autotrophs)-bacteria that make their own food through photosynthesis

● Bacteria use osmosis and diffusion in order to take in water & nutrients so they can grow and divide, as well as make the materials needed to survive. ● Osmosis – the movement of water through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration ● Diffusion – the tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Reproduction of Bacteria Binary Fission – a type of asexual reproduction where one organism divides, producing two new, identical organisms. How? . . . -The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself -Then it divides into two bacteria

B I N A R Y F I S S I O N

Reproduction of Bacteria BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed

Kingdom: Eubacteria • Eubacteria is the most common bacteria. It can be found in soil, on surfaces, and inside the body. • Eubacteria derive nutrition from three major sources, viz. sunlight, organic and inorganic components.

Eubacteria can be beneficial or harmful. Beneficial Eubacteria: • Aid in fermenting foods for consumption. • Nitrogen (Fixation) fixing eubacteria helps in the process of nitrogen fixation by consuming nitrogen and changing it into a form that plants can use. They also help maintain the appropriate nitrogen level in the atmosphere • They live in raw meat, raw milk, human intestine (aid in digestion), sewage water, etc.

● Every time you eat cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, or sour cream, you also eat a lot of lactic-acid bacteria ● The lactic acid acts as a preservative and adds flavor to the food

● Life as we know it could not exist without bacteria!! ● Nature’s recyclers- decomposers (Dead material/Waste would never decompose) ● Bioremediation-bacteria is used to clean up oil spills

● Scientists can genetically engineer bacteria for many purposes, including the production of medicines (such as Insulin), insecticides, cleaners, adhesives, foods, etc. ● Bacteria are used to make antibiotics to fight other bacteria.

Harmful Bacteria ● Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases ● Pathogenic bacteria invade a host organism and obtain nutrients from the host’s cells (parasite) ● Bacterial Diseases: tooth decay, ulcers, strep throat, food poisoning, Lyme disease, Bubonic plague, meningitis, cholera, typhus, salmonellosis, tetanus, and tuberculosis

Adaptations of Eubacteria: Flagellum – long, whip like projection to assist with movement and capturing food. (Structure) Cell Wall (Two Types): ‐ function in support and protection ‐ the two types of cell walls are distinguished using a method call gram staining. 1. Peptidoglycan – made of carbohydrates and amino acids (Structure). Bacteria with this type of wall are considered gram‐positive and appear purple when gram stained. 2. Thinner cell wall (structure) outside a thicker lipid membrane. Bacteria with this type of wall are considered gram‐negative and appear pink when stained. Capsule‐is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell membrane to protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells. Capsules also contain water which protects the bacteria against desiccation (drying out) (Structure).

Kingdom: Archaebacteria • Are ancient bacteria found in extreme environments. • They are often called extremophiles because they are found living in extreme environments. • 3 types of Archaebacteria are: Methanogens , Halophiles, and Thermophiles

Methanogens • (methane makers) are archaea that produce methane and are killed by exposure to oxygen. • Methanogens have been found living in the oxygen‐free mud of marshes, at the bottom of the ocean, and inside the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life.

Halophiles • salt‐loving organisms that flourish in saline environments • Can be found living in be found anywhere with a concentration of salt five times greater than the salt concentration of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds.

Thermophiles • thrive at relatively high temperatures, between 41 and 122 °C (106 and 252 °F). • Can be found in various geothermally heated regions of the Earth, such as hot springs like those in Yellowstone National Park (see image) and deep sea hydrothermal vents, as well as decaying plant matter, such as peat bogs and compost

Adaptations of Archaebacteria • Flagellum – long, whip like projection to assist with movement and capturing food (Some Archaebacteria have this adaption) (Physical) • Different membrane lipids which allow the bacteria cell membrane to remain intact in the extreme environments in which they live. (Physical)

Kingdom: Protista

General characteristics – Eukaryotic – Unicellular – Autotrophs & heterotrophs – No complex organs – Reproduce asexually via binary fission and sexually via conjugation – Examples: algae, amoeba, slime mold

Theory of Endosymbiosis internal membrane system aerobic bacterium Ancestral eukaryotic cell chloroplast mitochondrion Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion photosynthetic bacterium Eukaryotic cell with chloroplasts

Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material by direct cell‐to‐cell contact or by a bridge‐like connection between two cells.

Animal‐like Protists: Protozoans Are heterotopic and have the ability to move. Examples: Paramecium Amoeba

Plant‐like Protists: Are autotrophic because they create their own food via photosynthesis. Examples Include: Euglena Diatoms Volvox (colonies) Algae

Euglena, commonly found in pond water Long flagellum Eyespot: pigmented organelle that functions as a light shield, allowing light from only a certain direction to strike the light detector Light detector: swelling near the base of the long flagellum; detects light that is not blocked by the eyespot; as a result, Euglena moves toward light of appropriate intensity, an important adaptation that enhances photosynthesis Short flagellum Euglena (LM) Contractile vacuole Nucleus 5 µm Plasma membrane Pellicle: protein bands beneath the plasma membrane that provide strength and flexibility (Euglena lacks a cell wall) Chloroplast Paramylon granule

Fungus‐like Protists are heterotrophic, have cells with cell walls, and reproduce by forming spores. Examples: Water molds Slime molds

Protists can be both beneficial and harmful. Beneficial Protists – Used in toothpaste – Ice cream – sushi ‐filters ‐base of the food chain (plankton)!

Harmful Protists: Cause diseases, like…. – malaria – severe diarrhea – sleeping sickness

Adaptations of Protista for Movement and Consuming Food: Flagellum‐ long, whip like projection to assist with movement and capturing food. (Physical) Cilia‐ short, hair‐like projections outside of the cell. Move the cell using coordinated strokes and can sweep food towards the oral cavity. (Physical) Contractile Vacuole- membrane‐bound organelle that helps maintain water balance and in some cases with movement. (Physiological)

Pseudopods – “false foot” are temporary projections that enable movement and the capture of food. (Physical) Eyespots‐ organelle that contains a light sensitive pigment. Detects light for phototaxis. (Physiological) Oral Groove – collects and directs food into the mouth. (Physical) Food Vacuole ‐ a circular portion of the plasma membrane that encircles food particles when they enter the cell. (Physiological)

Move by: – Flagella Consume food via: Food vacuole – Cilia – Pseudopods (“false feet”) Oral groove

Adaptations of both bacteria kingdoms and kingdom Protista allow for: • Taxis – the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or chemicals. (Behavior) – Positive taxis is movement towards the stimulus – Negative taxis is movement away from the stimulus • Phototaxis‐ movement in response to light • Chemotaxis – movement in response to a chemical/ chemicals. • Ex) A Euglena has positive phototaxis would mean that the Euglena would be moving towards a light source.

Kingdom: Fungi • Eukaryotic • Most are multicellular and some are unicellular • Heterotrophic – Saprophytic (decomposers) or parasitic • Cell Walls made of Chitin • Reproduce asexually or sexually

Asexual Reproduction • Fungi reproduce asexually using spores. • A fungal spore is a haploid cell produced by mitosis from a haploid parent cell. It is genetically identical to the parent cell. • Spores may be dispersed by moving water, wind, or other organisms. Some fungi even have “cannons” that “shoot” the spores far from the parent organism. This helps to ensure that the offspring will not have to compete with the parent for space or other resources. • Budding is another form of asexual reproduction used by yeasts. It is the pinching off of an offspring from the parent cell. The offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent.

Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction occurs when spores from two parents fuse and form a zygospore.

Fungi Adaptations • Spores (asexual reproduction) (physical) • Budding (asexual reproduction) (physical) • Cell Wall made of Chitin (support and protection) (physical) • Able to digest food outside the body by secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing the nutrients. (Physiological)

‐ Eukaryotic Kingdom: Plantae ‐ Multicellular ‐ Autotrophic ‐ Organs: Roots, Stem, Leaves, and Fruits - Reproduce sexually and sexually - Ex) mosses, ferns, and flowering plants

Plant Adaptations for Different Environments • Plants are found all over earth’s surface. • Plants have special adaptations, like animals, that help them survive in their environment. • Most of the plants you’ve seen live on land. • Some plants have special adaptations that help them live in water.