King Saud University College of Business Administration Department
King Saud University College of Business Administration Department of Health Administration Masters` Program HHA 501 – Health Administration First Semester 1440/ 1441 Mohammed S. Alnaif, Ph D. alnaif@ksu. edu. sa 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 1
Introduction Learning Objectives • • Explain what health and population health are, Describe major forces that determine health of a population, Identify types of health services in the continuum of care, Identify types of healthcare organizations, Explain the external environment and how it affects healthcare organizations, Describe trends that will affect management of healthcare organizations, and Appreciate the variety of healthcare management jobs and careers. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 2
Introduction • Health Care - the total societal effort, organized or not, whether private or public, that attempts to guarantee, provide, finance, and promote health - changed markedly during the 20 th century toward more prevention's. • Healthcare – the maintaining and restoration of health by the treatment and prevention of disease and injury, especially by trained and licensed professionals. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 3
Introduction • Health Services - are the delivery component of health care. They are provided by practitioners and organizations and have gone through significant changes. • Health – is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. ” (WHO) 1946 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 4
Introduction • Population health – the health outcomes of group of individuals, including the distribution of outcomes within the group. • A population can be a group of people identified by their shared community, occupation, ethnicity, geographic region, or other characteristic. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 5
Introduction DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Many forces determine (influence) the health status and health outcomes of populations and individuals. Exhibit 1. 1 1. Genetics is the starting point of health. Genes characteristics inherited from parents make a person more likely or less likely to develop certain health problems, such as heart disease. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 6
Introduction DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 2. Healthcare services exist for all ages and stages of life, from womb to tomb. Together, they form a continuum of care. Managers can improve people’s health by helping to ensure people’s appropriate use of quality healthcare. However, other determinants, such as behavior and social environment, often have a larger effect on health. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 7
Introduction DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 3. Individual Behavior Healthcare managers can improve people’s health by helping them improve their lifestyle and behavior. Some HCOs offer smoking cessation programs, nutrition classes, and fitness walk. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 8
Introduction DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 4. Physical Environment (natural and built) such as sanitation, climate, parks, nighttime lighting, forests, safe roads, and air pollution. Healthcare managers can improve people’s health by helping them improve their physical environment. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 9
Introduction DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 5. Social Environment Healthcare managers can improve people’s health by helping them improve their social environment. These determinants can lead to differences in health of specific groups or subpopulations. Health Disparity a health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, or environmental disadvantage. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 10
Exhibit 1. 1 Five Determinants of Health Model Individual Behavior Physical Environment Healthcare Genetics Health Outcomes Social Environment Kindig’s 2017 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 11
Introduction Health Services Organizations (HSOs) • Delivery of health services involves the organized public or private efforts that assist individuals primarily in regaining health, but also in preventing disease and disability. • Delivery of services to patients occurs in a variety of settings. Exhibit 1. 2 • All HSOs can be classified by structure, functions, ownership, and profit motives. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 12
5/19/2021 are Diag nosti c Ca re Acut e Ca re Suba cute Care Chro nic C are Reha bilita tive C are Long -term Care Endof-lif e Ca re Care ary C ialty Spec Prim Care entiv e Prev atal Pren Exhibit 1. 2 Continuum of Care a range of services needed to care for person or population. Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 13
Introduction Health Services Organizations (HSOs) • Historically, hospitals and nursing facilities have been the most common and dominant HSOs engaged in delivery of health services. • They remain prominent in the contemporary health services system, but other HSOs have achieved stature. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 14
Introduction Health Services Organizations (HSOs) • Among them are outpatient clinics, imaging centers, free-standing urgent care and surgical centers, large group practices, and home health agencies. • Multi organizational systems either vertically or horizontally integrated. HMOs, PPOs, and managed care systems. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 15
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • • Profit or Not For Profit (Mission) Ownership (Public or Private) Length of Patient Stay (Inpatient or Outpatient) Role in the Health Services System (Preventive) Unique Institutional providers (Disorders) Mental Health Organization (Psychiatric Hospitals) Teaching Hospitals (Medical Education) 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 16
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Most of us think we know what a hospital is until we try to define it and differentiate it from competing concepts and organization. • Yet one could hardly manage a hospital if it could not be defined and if we could not identify the differences between hospitals and similar organizations. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 17
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Structural definitions healthcare organizations are licensed, they must be legally defined. Legal definitions are structural (prominent characteristics). • A facility offering inpatient overnight care and services for observation, diagnosis, and active treatment of an individual with medical condition requiring the daily direction or supervision of a physician. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 18
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Structural definitions (AMA distinguish hospitals by • At least six beds for the care of patients who are nonrelated, who are sick, and whose average stay is in excess of 24 hours per admission. • Licensed • Has Doctors admitting patients • Has an organized medical staff • Evidence of regular care. Records of clinical work • Registered nurse supervision a round the clock • Operating and delivery rooms • Diagnostic x-ray and clinical laboratory services 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 19
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Functional definitions identify the institution be purpose rather than by parts, an institution whose purpose is to provide personal health care in a manner which uses the available resources most effectively for society’s benefit. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 20
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Functional definitions identify the institution be purpose rather than by parts, an institution whose purpose is to provide personal health care in a manner which uses the available resources most effectively for society’s benefit. • The distinction between a hospital and other healthcare organizations exists only if the hospital management chooses to make it. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 21
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Functional definitions • The geographical location or the catchment area ultimately define the scope of services that a hospital will offer. • In cities, hospitals are focusing on special populations, such as women or the aged. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 22
Introduction Defining Hospitals and Healthcare Organization • Major types of ownership • Government hospitals (public) • Not-for-profit hospitals (private) • For-profit hospitals (private) 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 23
Introduction Health Services Organizations (HSOs) • The various HSOs and others face new environments containing a wide range of external pressure, including new rules and technologies, changed demography, accountability to multiple constituents, and constraints on resources. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 24
Introduction Health Services Organizations (HSOs) • As a result, HSO managers must work smarter not just harder, and they must allocate and use resources more effectively and strive for Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) and continued excellence in an increasingly restrictive environment. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 25
Introduction Medical Care • Medical care is a process or activity in which certain inputs or factors of production (such as doctors’ and nurses’ services, services of medical instruments and equipment, and pharmaceuticals) are combined in varying quantities to yield an output. • Thus HSOs are settings in which inputs (resources) are converted to output (work results and objective accomplishment) Exhibit 1. 3. • Management is the catalyst. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 26
Exhibit 1. 3. HSOs are settings in which inputs (resources) are converted to output (work results and objective accomplishment). Medical Care Input Resources Conversion Process Output work results & objective Feed back 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 27
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Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers HSO managers are defined as persons appointed to positions of authority who enable others to do their work effectively, who have responsibility for resource utilization, and who are accountable for work results. This broad definition include different types of managers. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 29
Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers Traditional classification of managers is by level in the organization hierarchy (vertical). Top management, middle-level management, and first-line management. Thus, managers differ by their level of position in the organization hierarchy. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 30
Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers can also be differentiated by the extent to which they use certain skills Exhibit 1. 4. A skill is the ability to engage in a set of behaviors that are functionally related to one another and that lead to a desired performance level in a given area. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 31
Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers Three types of skills are needed by managers, • human relation skills, • conceptual skills, and • technical skills. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 32
Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers Human relation skills are skills associated with a manager’s ability to work well with others, both as a member of a group and as a leader who gets things done. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 33
Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers Conceptual skills are skills related to the ability to visualize the organization as a whole, discern relationships among organizational parts, and understand how the organization fits into the wider context of the industry, community and world. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 34
Introduction Management in HSOs Types of Managers Technical skills are skills that reflect both an understanding of and proficiency in a specialized field. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 35
Exhibit 1. 4. Managers can also be differentiated by the extent to which they use certain skills 5/19/2021 Human relation skills Con First-Line cep tu al s kill Top s Techn ical sk ills Skills Hierarchy Middle-Level Degree of Authority & Scope of Responsibility Dr. Mohammed Alnaif High Medium Low 36
Introduction The Management Process Some regard management as getting things done through people. Others consider it the process of reaching organization goals by working with and through people. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 37
Introduction Management is defined her as The process, composed of interrelated social and technical functions and activities (including roles), occurring in a formal organizational setting for the purpose of accomplishing predetermined objectives through the utilization of human and other resources. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 38
Introduction Management Functions A function is work that can be identified and distinguished from other work. The traditional classification of management functions describes how managers do what they do (the activities they perform) to accomplish objectives (achieve work results) through people and utilization of other resources. Exhibit 1. 5. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 39
Introduction Planning is a technical managerial function that enables HSOs to deal with the present and anticipate the future. It involves deciding what to do as well as when and how to do it. Simply put planning is setting goals and objectives and deciding how best to achieve them. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 40
Introduction Organizing is a technical function; it means establishing authority and responsibility relationships, and formal structure and reporting relationships. Organizing focuses on grouping activities and resources in a logical manner, including the division of work and job design, work methods and processes, coordination among units, and the use of information and feedback systems. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 41
Introduction Staffing the function of staffing is acquiring and retaining human resources, and staffing has both a technical and a social aspects. Technical aspects include human resources planning, job analysis, recruitment, testing, selecting, performance appraisal, compensation and benefits administration, employee assistance, and safety and health. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 42
Introduction Staffing Social aspects are that influence the behavior and performance of organization members: training and development, promotions, counseling, and discipline. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 43
Introduction Directing the directing function is a socialbehavioral in nature and focuses on initiating action in the organization--it is people oriented. It includes motivating, leading, and communicating as well as other activities such as conflict resolution, behavior modification, and integrating people with structure and tasks. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 44
Introduction Controlling the controlling function is technical and focuses on monitoring, adjusting, and improving performance. It means establishing performance standards to measure results, as well as the techniques and systems to monitor and intervene. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 45
Introduction Decision Making The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action in a manner appropriate to the demands of the situation. Decision making is a technical management function. It is a part of all other management functions. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 46
Introduction Decision Making All managers are decision makers, they make decisions when they monitor and control work, when they plan , establish or change organizational arrangements and work process and content, when they acquire and assign personnel, and when they direct efforts of others. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 47
Exhibit 1. 5. Management Functions Planning Organizing Staffing Decision Making Directing Controlling 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 48
Introduction Managerial Roles A role is an organized set of behaviors associated with a particular office or position because of its authority and status. Mintzberg’s classification identifies • Interpersonal Roles • Informational Roles and • Decisional Roles Exhibit 1. 6. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 49
Formal Authority and Status Interpersonal Roles • Figurehead • Leader • Liaison 5/19/2021 Exhibit 1. 6. Mintzberg’s classification and sub-classification of Managerial Roles, 10 Different Roles Informational Roles Decisional Roles • Monitor • Disseminator • Spokesperson • Entrepreneur • Disturbance handler • Resource allocator • Negotiator Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 50
Introduction Managerial Roles Interpersonal roles: Roles that grow directly out of the authority of a manager’s position and involves developing and maintaining positive relationships with significant others. Three roles: Figurehead, Leader, and Liaison 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 51
Introduction Managerial Roles Interpersonal roles: Figurehead, all managers, and specially top managers, are figureheads because they engage in ceremonial and symbolic activities such as presiding over an event honoring a long service employees, speaking at retirement dinner, and ribbon-cutting for a new building wing. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 52
Introduction Managerial Roles Interpersonal roles: Leader (influencer), builds relationships with subordinates and communicates with, motivates, and coaches them. Leaders usually influence others by example. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 53
Introduction Managerial Roles Interpersonal roles: Liaison, maintain formal and informal external and internal network of contacts, for the purpose of providing help and information. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 54
Introduction Managerial Roles Informational Roles relate to receiving and sending information so that managers can serve as the nerve centers of their organizational unit. Three roles: Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 55
Introduction Managerial Roles Informational Roles Monitor, seeks internal and external information about issues that can affect the organization. Informational Roles Disseminator, transmit information internally that is obtained from either internal or external sources. Informational Roles Spokesperson, transmits information about the organization to outsiders 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 56
Introduction Managerial Roles Decisional Roles: These are Roles that involve making significant decisions that effect the organization. Four roles: Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator, Negotiator 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 57
Introduction Managerial Roles Decisional Roles: Entrepreneur (change agent), acts as initiator, designer, and encourager of change and innovation. Decisional Roles: Disturbance handler, takes corrective action when organization faces important , unexpected difficulties. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 58
Introduction Managerial Roles Decisional Roles: Resource allocator, distributes resources of all types, including time, funding, equipment, and human resources. Decisional Roles: Negotiator, involves interacting with superiors, persons in other departments, and subordinates. Negotiation affects resource allocation, resolution of disturbances, implementation of change, and interpersonal behavior. 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 59
THANK YOU 5/19/2021 Dr. Mohammed Alnaif 60
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