King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Electrical

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King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Electrical Engineering Department Design and Fabrication of

King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Electrical Engineering Department Design and Fabrication of Anti-Reflection Thin Films for Fiber Optic Communication Systems Group E Advisors Mansour Al-Hagwi Dr. H. Masoudi Ahmed Afif Dr. E. Khawaja Amjad Sindi Dr. S. Ayub Rayyan Al-Ghamdi 19 May 2002

In This Presentation Introduction Fabrication of Thin Films n n Physical Vapor Deposition Controlling

In This Presentation Introduction Fabrication of Thin Films n n Physical Vapor Deposition Controlling the Thickness Measurements n Spectrophotometer Single Layer Anti-Reflection Film (SLAR) n n Design and Fabrication Results Double Layer Anti-Reflection Film (DLAR) n n Design and Fabrication Results Inhomogeneous Films Conclusion

Introduction Transmitted Wave (95. 7%) The aim of the project is to minimize the

Introduction Transmitted Wave (95. 7%) The aim of the project is to minimize the losses due to reflection Glass Air Fiber Optic Reflected Wave (4. 3%) Incident Wave

Introduction Transmitted Wave (100%) No Reflection Thin Film Glass Fiber Optic Air Incident Wave

Introduction Transmitted Wave (100%) No Reflection Thin Film Glass Fiber Optic Air Incident Wave

Introduction Anti-Reflection Mechanism: Multi-Reflection Important Parameters of Thin Films n n Refractive index (n)

Introduction Anti-Reflection Mechanism: Multi-Reflection Important Parameters of Thin Films n n Refractive index (n) Destructive Interference Thickness of the film (d) n 0 Air Film n 1 Glass n 2 Refractive index n 1 d Thickness Constructive Interference

Fabrication of Thin Films Physical Vapor Deposition n Need of Vacuum n Approaches Resistive

Fabrication of Thin Films Physical Vapor Deposition n Need of Vacuum n Approaches Resistive Heating Electron Beam Controlling the Thickness n n Quartz Crystal Thickness Monitoring Optical Thickness Monitoring

Fabrication of Thin Films Physical Vapor Deposition n Coating Material Resistive Heating Apply voltage

Fabrication of Thin Films Physical Vapor Deposition n Coating Material Resistive Heating Apply voltage to the terminals High current will pass Temperature increases Material evaporates in a shape of a cone Terminals Small Boat

Fabrication of Thin Films Physical Vapor Deposition n Electron Beam High power Concentration on

Fabrication of Thin Films Physical Vapor Deposition n Electron Beam High power Concentration on a small surface e- Filament Pocket

Fabrication of Thin Films Controlling the Thickness n Quartz Crystal Quartz crystal is fixed

Fabrication of Thin Films Controlling the Thickness n Quartz Crystal Quartz crystal is fixed Substrate is rotating => Different positions => Different amounts of evaporant => Geometrical Factor (G) G= Thickness of the film deposited on the substrate Thickness of the film deposited on the quartz crystal

Fabrication of Thin Films Controlling the Thickness n Optical Thickness Monitoring

Fabrication of Thin Films Controlling the Thickness n Optical Thickness Monitoring

Reflector Reference Beam Detector 1 Slit Source Sample Beam Dual Beam Spectrophotometer Grating Monochromator

Reflector Reference Beam Detector 1 Slit Source Sample Beam Dual Beam Spectrophotometer Grating Monochromator Splitter Sample Detector 2 Measurements

Single Layer Anti-Reflection Films Design of SLAR Fabrication of Mg. F 2 Film n

Single Layer Anti-Reflection Films Design of SLAR Fabrication of Mg. F 2 Film n n Resistive Heating Air (n 0=1) Film Mg. F (n(n =1. 38) Film 2 (n 11=1. 23) 1) Quartz Crystal Thickness Monitor Glass (n 2=1. 52)

Single Layer Anti-Reflection Films Results of Mg. F 2 Film RTheoretical = 1. 3%

Single Layer Anti-Reflection Films Results of Mg. F 2 Film RTheoretical = 1. 3% RExperimental = 0. 7%

Double Layer Anti-Reflection Films Design of Double Layer Film Air (n 0 = 1)

Double Layer Anti-Reflection Films Design of Double Layer Film Air (n 0 = 1) Nd. F Film = 1. 6) 2 1 (n 1) Film ) WO =22) 3 2 (n 2(n Glass (n 3 = 1. 52) Fabrication of Double Layer Film n Resistive Heating n Optical Thickness Monitor

Double Layer Anti-Reflection Films Results of Double Layer Film RExperimental = 0. 5% RTheoretical

Double Layer Anti-Reflection Films Results of Double Layer Film RExperimental = 0. 5% RTheoretical = 0. 02%

Inhomogeneous Films Region 1 Region 2 => Microscopic view of inhomogeneous films (from literature)

Inhomogeneous Films Region 1 Region 2 => Microscopic view of inhomogeneous films (from literature)

Inhomogeneous Films Fabrication of Ce. O 2 Film n n Electron Beam Quartz Crystal

Inhomogeneous Films Fabrication of Ce. O 2 Film n n Electron Beam Quartz Crystal Experimental Results RExperimental = 0. 1%

Conclusion ? Uncoated Glass Single Layer Films Double Layer Film Material _____ Mg. F

Conclusion ? Uncoated Glass Single Layer Films Double Layer Film Material _____ Mg. F 2 Ce. O 2 Theoretical Reflectance (%) 4. 3 1. 3 _____ 0. 02 4. 2 0. 7 0. 1 0. 5 _____ 3. 5 4. 1 3. 7 Experimental Reflectance (%) Improvement in Reflectance (%) Nd. F 2 + WO 3

Thank You

Thank You