Kidney Stones Ayesha Aslam 12 10275 BIOT 412

Kidney Stones Ayesha Aslam 12 -10275 BIOT 412

A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney.

Incidence & risk factors n n n Substances in abnormal quantity. Dehydration Block the flow of urine.

The most common cause of kidney stones is not drinking enough water.

Causes n n n Acc. to type of stone Calcium ones especially calcium oxalate…. Oxalate from certain food. Cystine stones…cystnuria. Urinary tract infection (women)… struvite stones Gout & chemotherapy… uric acid stones. . Common in men.

Symptoms and signs of a kidney stone include excruciating, cramping pain in the lower back and/or side, groin, or abdomen as well as blood in the urine.

Symptoms n n n Severe pain in belly area move to groin. Abnormal urine color. Blood in urine. Nausea. Fever. Vomiting.

Signs n n n Restless Very distress Pale Nauseated Sweaty Abdomen may feel tender to touch.

A helical CT scan without contrast material is the most common test to detect stones or obstruction within the urinary tract.

Diagnosis/ tests: n n n Abdominal CT scan Abdominal/kidney MRI Abdominal x-ray Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Kidney Ultrasound Retrograde Pyelogram

Depending on the size, most stones eventually pass on their own within 48 hours.

Treatment n n n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. n Primary treatment Pain relievers NSAIDS e. g. Ibuprofen. Morphine Medication Allopurinol Antibiotics Diuretics Phosphate solution Sodium bicarbonate Surgery

For kidney stones that do not pass on their own, a shock wave procedure called lithotripsy is often used to break up a large stone into smaller pieces to pass.

Treatment n 1. 2. Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy Shock waves Small stones n 1. 2. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy Endoscope Large stones

Prognosis n n n 60% pass out with in 48 hrs. 30% require treatment. Risk of re-occurrence can reduce by dietary advice.

To help prevent kidney stones, drink enough water to keep your urine clear.

Dietary choices can affect kidney stone development.

Weight gain can increase the risk of kidney stones.

Research