Keystone Review Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote

Keystone Review

Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells

Cell size comparison most bacteria Animal cell Bacterial cell § 1 -10 microns eukaryotic cells § 10 -100 microns § micron = micrometer = 1/1, 000 meter § diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

Why study cells? • Cells Tissues Organs Bodies – bodies are made up of cells – cells do all the work of life!

The Jobs of Cells • Cells have 3 main jobs – make energy ATP • need energy for all activities • need to clean up waste produced while making energy – make proteins • proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them – make more cells • for growth • to replace damaged or diseased cells Our organelles do all these jobs!

Organelles • Organelles do the work of cells – each structure has a job to do • keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re like mini-organs! Model Animal Cell

Cell membrane phosphate “head” • Function – separates cell from outside – controls what enters or leaves cell • O 2, CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste – recognizes signals from other cells • allows communication between cells • Structure – double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer – receptor molecules • proteins that receive signals lipid “tail”

Vacuoles & vesicles • Function – moving material around cell – storage small food particle • Structure – membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients

Lysosomes • Function – digest food • used to make energy – clean up & recycle • digest broken organelles lysosomes small food particle vacuole digesting food • Structure – membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles

• Function Mitochondria – make ATP energy from cellular respiration • sugar + O 2 ATP • fuels the work of life • Structure – double membrane in both animal & plant cells ATP

Plants make energy two ways! ATP • Mitochondria – make energy from sugar + O 2 • cellular respiration • sugar + O 2 ATP • Chloroplasts – make energy + sugar from sunlight • photosynthesis • sunlight + CO 2 ATP & sugar – ATP = active energy – sugar = stored energy » build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP

Nucleus • Function – control center of cell – protects DNA • instructions for building proteins • Structure – nuclear membrane – nucleolus • ribosome factory – chromosomes • DNA

Ribosomes • Function – protein factories – read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure – some free in cytoplasm – some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function – works on proteins • helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them – makes membranes • Structure – rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins – smooth ER • makes membranes

Golgi Apparatus • Function – finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters – shipping & receiving department – ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure vesicles carrying proteins – membrane sacs transport vesicles

Centrioles • Function – help coordinate cell division • only in animal cells • Structure – one pair in each cell

Water • A water molecule (H 2 O), is made up of three atoms --- one oxygen and two hydrogen. H H O

Water

Hydrogen Bonds Exist Between Water Molecules • Formed between a highly Electronegative atom of a polar molecule and a Hydrogen • One hydrogen bond is weak , but many hydrogen bonds are strong

Cohesion … Helps insects walk across water

Adhesion Also Causes Water to … Form spheres & hold onto plant leaves Attach to a silken spider web

Solutions & Suspensions • • Water is usually part of a mixture. There are two types of mixtures: – Solutions – Suspensions

Solution Ionic compounds disperse as ions in water Evenly distributed SOLUTE – Substance that is being dissolved • SOLVENT – Substance into which the solute dissolves • • •

Suspensions • Substances that don’t dissolve but separate into tiny pieces. • Water keeps the pieces suspended so they don’t settle out.

Macromolecules

What do these words mean?

So What Is A Macromolecule? A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein, consisting of many smaller structural units linked together. Also called supermolecule.

Next Word…. .

Polygons Polyester Polygamy

LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES üThey are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! üThey make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

CARBOHYDRATES • In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants -- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) -------------------------- • In animal products- in MILK

CARBOHYDRATES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Complex

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

CARBOHYDRATES Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

NOW ONTO PROTEINS üThey are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them üThey make up antibodies in the immune system üThey make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions üThey makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

Antibodies are part of the immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in one place in the body and then put into the blood to be used in another. These are where the hormone producing glands are located in your body.

PROTEINS • In plant foods- in the cell membranes • In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

Proteins

Proteins Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up

PROTEINS Each protein is made up of… THINK: “CHONS”

LIPIDS ARE NEXT üThey are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. üThey INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. üThey produce hormones for the body called STERIODS üThey waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

LIPIDS…Some interesting info • Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out. • The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves. • Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage. • Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

LIPIDS…Some interesting info There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS CHOLESTEROL Like testosterone and estrogen They increase muscle

LIPIDS

LIPIDS Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E This is a triglyceride molecule

LIPIDS Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs? You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. “CHO” A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C 6 H 12 O 6 (This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O) On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C 27 H 46 O cholesterol