Keystone Anchors BIO A 1 2 1 Compare

Keystone Anchors • BIO. A. 1. 2. 1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • BIO. A. 1. 2. 2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i. e. , organelles, cells, tissues, organ systems, and multicellular organisms) • BIO. A. 4. 1. 1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell. • BIO. A. 4. 1. 2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i. e. , passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). • BIO. A. 4. 1. 3 Describe how membrane‐bound cellular organelles (e. g. , endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.

Vocabulary • • Active transport Diffusion Endocytosis Eukaryotic Exocytosis Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Organ system Osmosis Passive transport Prokaryotic Tissue

Vocabulary –Cell parts • • Cell membrane Cell wall Centrioles Chloroplasts Chromosomes Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Vacuoles Vesicle

Why So Small? Describe why you think cells are so small? Process Box

Cells are small! • Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period. • Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. • However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s • Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses • Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens

Discovery of Cells • In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3 -lens compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork. • He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments. • He gave them the name “cells” • Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space.

Discovery of Cells, cont. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth. • This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes • In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water • Named these cells: “animalcules”

Discovery of Cells, cont. • Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification • This led more people to make more observations on more organisms. • They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing • Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells? ”, & “Where do cells come from? ”

Cell Theory • In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells. • Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells • Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells. • In 1839 he proposed the 1 st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products

Cell Theory, cont. • Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation. • This led scientists to study the process of cell division • They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong • In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells 2014 Nobel Prize

HOOKE _______ CORK The first to IDENTIFY ______ cells. Responsible NAMING for ______ them LEEUWENHOEK SCHLEIDEN SCHWANN VIRCHOW _____________ ANIMALCULES Made better LENSES _______ and observed cells in greater DETAIL _______. First to observe NUCLEUS _______ • Cell Theory The first to note Concluded that all LIVING ______ that THINGS _____________ PLANTS were made up of CELLS ___________ Proposed that all cells come from OTHER ______ CELLS

Ted -ed ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS 1. ______________________________ THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. 2. ______________________________ ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS 3. ______________________________

Categories of Cells

Eukaryotes • • NUCLEUS Have a _______ ORGANELLES Contain membrane-bound _______ DNA The nucleus encloses the ______ SINGLE-CELLULAR MULTI-CELLULAR or _______ May be ______

Video • • Prokaryotes NUCLEUS Prokaryotic cells do not have a _____ No membrane-bound ________ ORGANELLES DNA ______is suspended within cytoplasm Are microscopic, SINGLE-CELLED ______organisms

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?

-Plants -Animals -Protists -Single/multi celled -bacteria -always single celled

TYPE II • What are the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells? How can you remember the difference?

SECTION 3. 1 REVIEW 1. How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory? The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further. 2. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles. 3. Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes. Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists. The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells. 4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms? Both have a nucleus.

Make Predictions Think about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to perform in order for you to survive. Process Box

Cell Comparison Study the cells on the board, what characteristics sets the two types of cells apart? • Process Box:

http: //www. johnkyrk. com/Cell. Index. html

PLASMA MEMBRANE Video _________________________ The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape _________________________ and holds in cytoplasm. _________________________ (Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and _________________________ out of the cell. ) CELL ________ MEMBRANE ________

The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane ______________________ and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell ______________________ (Most of all cell activity occurs here. ) ______________________ CYTOPLASM

The control center of the cell. __________________________ Parts of the Nucleus: _________________________ Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. _________________ Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus _________________ Nucleolus _________________ Chromosomes _________________ NUCLEUS ________

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ____________________ Nuclear Membrane in Green NUCLEAR ________ MEMBRANE ________ NUCLEAR ________ PORES ________

_____________________ Thread-like cell parts with information that _____________________ determines what traits a living thing will have. Chromosomes in Red CHROMOSOMES ________

HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES. ____________________ NUCLEOLUS ________

MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY. ___________________ FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND __________________________ THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM _____________________ RIBOSOMES ________

__________________________ Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear ___________________ membrane and visa versa. ______________________ (Can usually find ribosomes on this network. ) ENDOPLASMIC ________ RETICULUM ________

INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS How can you tell the difference between the locations of the cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the nucleus compared to the nucleolus? • Process Box:

Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell. _____________________________________ MITOCHONDRIA ______

Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell. ____________________________________________ LYSOSOMES ______

Packages materials for the cell. ____________________ Animation _______ GOLGI _______ APPARATUS

Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION ______________________

Stores food and water for cell ____________________ ANIMAL CELL Contains many small vacuoles ______________ PLANT CELL _______________ Contains one large “central _______________ vacuole that takes up most of _______________ the space inside of a plant cell VACUOLE ____

Label the organelles of this animal cell. 1. NUCLEOLUS _________ 2. NUCLEUS _________ 3. RIBOSOMES _________ 4. VESICLE _________ 5. ROUGH _________ ER 6. GOLGI _________ BODIES 7. CELL _________ MEMBRANE 8. SMOOTH _________ ER 9. MITOCHONDRIA _________ 10. VACUOLE _________ 11. CYTOPLASM _________ 12. LYSOSOME _________ 13. CENTRIOLES _________

The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell ____________________________ membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape. ____________________________ (More rigid than cell membrane. ) ____________________________ CELL ______ WALL

Inner life of cell The ______________________ plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, ______________________ chlorophyll, which are responsible for ______________________ producing food. ___________ CHLOROPLASTS

Plant Cells There are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from animal cells. • Process Box:

CELL MEMBRANE • Process Box: Video Study the diagram of the cell membrane. What parts of the labeled diagram do you notice? What macromolecules make up the cell membrane?

Cell Membrane Facts Fluid mosaic model Plasma membrane 1. Known as the ________________, cytoplasmic or the __________membrane interior 2. Separates the _______of all cells from the external _______ environment. permeable 3. It is selectively _________to ions and organic molecules Movement of particles 4. Controls the ____________in and out of cells. 5. Protects the ______. cell proteins Phospholipid bilayer 6. Made up of ________with embedded _____. 1. Phospholipid bilayer 2. Proteins- 7. Involved in a variety of cellular processes Endocytosis Exocytosis a. _________ and _________ Cell Signaling b. _________ Transport of materials c. _________

LIPID BILAYER Hydrophilic Region: WATER Hydro: ______ ATTRACTION Philic: ______ POLAR _______region of the membrane that have a tendency to interact with or be dissolved by water and other polar substances. Hydrophobic Region: WATER Hydro: ______ REPEL Phobic: ______ NON-POLAR _______ region of the plasma membrane that are more ‘selective’ as to what passes through the membrane.

What Makes Up the Cell Membrane? Label these parts: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates A B PHOSPHOLIPIDS A. _________ CARBOHYDRATES B. _________ PROTEINS C. _________ HYDROPHILIC HEAD X. __________ HYDROPHOBIC TAIL Y. __________ C

Label the cell membrane with the terms below. Color the parts according to their functions. Lipid Bilayer Hydrophobic Tail Hydrophilic Head Transport Protein Carbohydrate Cholesterol Recognition Protein Red: Aids in cell recognition (Flags) Blue: Attracted to water molecules, allows it to move through Green: Acts as a receptor for certain molecules Yellow: Keeps the cell membrane ‘firm’ or sturdy Orange: Avoids water Purple: Transport materials across cell membrane

Text Rendering Read the article, highlight things that stand out, list notes on the right side All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents and serves as a semi-porous barrier to the outside environment. The membrane acts as a boundary, holding the cell constituents together and keeping other substances from entering. The plasma membrane is permeable to specific molecules, however, and allows nutrients and other essential elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave the cell. Small molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, are able to pass freely across the membrane, but the passage of larger molecules, such as amino acids and sugars, is carefully regulated.

3. 4 Diffusion and Osmosis KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

3. 4 Diffusion and Osmosis Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell. • Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. • There are two types of passive transport. • diffusion • osmosis

3. 4 Diffusion and Osmosis • Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. • Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount

3. 4 Diffusion and Osmosis • There are three types of solutions. • • isotonic – concentrations are equal hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies • Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst hypertonic hypotonic

3. 4 Diffusion and Osmosis Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. • Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. • Facilitated diffusion through transport proteins.

3. 5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

Label the diagrams as ‘diffusion’, ‘facilitated diffusion’, and ‘active transport’. DIFFUSION ________________ FACILITATED DIFFUSION ________________ ACTIVE TRANSPORT ________________ PASSIVE ACTIVE

3. 5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. • Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell. • Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell • Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis

ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

• Organelle – cell structure that has a unique function • Cell – basic unit of structure and function • Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function. • Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. • Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions. CELL TISSUE ORGAN

WORD SPLASH • Organelle • Organ system • Organ • Tissue • Cell

WORD SPLASH • Osmosis • Diffusion • Exocytosis • Endocytosis • Active Transport • Passive Transport