Key Principles Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Example

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Example of a good material list identifying exactly what is required Poor example of material list. Is compression or solder fitting required? How much copper tube is needed? Examples of good and bad estimates Communication skills From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 5 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D.

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Typical site entry sign From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 13 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes incorrect (lower back strain) correct (legs bent and straight back) Lifting heavy loads Completed risk assessment forms Open boarded trench as used in stable gound, and fenced off Poor working practice climbing on incomplete scallold, no boots, hard hat not fitted correctly and no high visibility jacket. An accident waiting to happen! From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 15 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Use the correct and safe equipment for the job! Protective clothing From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 17 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes wear head protection wear eye protection first aid Mandatory no smoking pedestrians prohibited Safe condition risk of electric shock Prohibition Location of fire alarm Indication of direction general risk of danger Hazard Location of fire extinguisher Fire safety From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 19 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Typical safety signs in place

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes COSHH file with appropriate safety information date sheets From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 21 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes 1. 07 mmin 4 75° 1 ladder at the correct angle, staked and tied Mobile tower ensure step ladder is on a firm base with legs fully apart. Do not work off the top step Incomplete scaffold (this scaffold system must not be used until complete and safe) From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 23 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes loose head Mushroomed head split shaft A piece may break off and fly into your eye Unprotected file tang Unsafe and inappropriate use of tools Typical 110 volt power tools Impulse cartridge-operated nail gun From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 25 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Heat Red Oxygen Fuel Remove any one of these three factors and the fire will be extinguished fire blanket foam Example fire extinguishers From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 27 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com black cream Red CO 2

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Examples of Regulations and British Standards Governing Plumbing Work From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 29 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Pipework symbols flange union straight two port valve direction of pipe perpenducular visible pipe flow to plan detail capped end three port valve angled two port valve pressure reducing valve strainer check valve hose connection drain off cock pipe behind duct wheel headed lockshield headed pipe at high level valve draw off float pipe above point (tap) operated valve suspended ceiling gas pressure relief valve radiator heated towel rail circulating pump gas meter water meter Sanitary appliances sink bidet WC close WC separate cistern coupled bowl urinal sink top LH drawer stall urinal direction of flow Application of pipe contents identification colours From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 31 Identification of pipework Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com bath basic identification colour specific colour 150 mm 100 mm 150 mm approx wash basin

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Example 1 Areas (m 2) rectangle Breadth 0. 7 m Length 1. 2 m Example 2 Example 3 parallelogram 2 sets of parallel sides triangle Length 1. 2 m Example 4 Example 5 Length 1. 2 m Length 3. 0 m trapezium 1 set of parallel sides Circle Distance 0. 7 m Radius 0. 6 m Example 7 Height 0. 6 m Example 6 Length 1. 2 m Breadth 0. 7 m Volumes (m 3) Areas, volumes and capacities From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 35 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Height 2. 3 m Radius 0. 6 m

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Metha ne Oil Butan e Cork Water 4°C 10°C 1°C Gold Relative density of materials Maximum density of water (4°C) Mass/weight and pressure From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 37 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Intensity of pressure = Head × 9. 81. 2. 5 × 9. 81 = 24. 525 k. N/m . . . Total pressure = Io. P × Area acted upon. . . 24. 525 × 0. 3 = 3. 6788 k. N . . . 2. 5 m 0. 3 m 0. 5 m Using a pressure gauge to find the supply pressure Note: the greater the head the greater the pressure 15 mm diamter A B The pressure at tap ‘A’ is Much greater than at tap ‘B’ (head gives pressure not volume) Water pressure From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 39 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Cathode, as taken from a hot storage vessel, showing signs of corrosion From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 45 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Fitting showing evidence of dezincification of brass

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Poor stock of tools, creating the wrong impression Typical extra tools the professional may have Well-stocked plumbers’ tool kit From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 47 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes copper tube roller cutters ‘stilson’ wrench pipe slice free standing machine basin spanner 3 wheel cutter back guide link cutters adjustable spanner wrenches and spanners Pipe cutters various sized formers hand held bender fixed rollers ram stops Pipe cutters chuck hydraulic press bender deburring reamer Bending equipment Typical copper tube cutters and pipe slices pipe threading machine Specialist tools for pipework Hand held drop head die stocks From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 49 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes flat dresser setting-in stick step turner dummy bossing stick bossing mallet chase wedge cane handle drip plate Specialist leadworking tools lead knife searing pliers shave hook Specialist hand tools for sheetwork From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 51 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Compression ring copper liner grip ring rubber ring pipe compression joint low voltage current to heating element pipe push fit joint insert push fit joint allowance for expansion Compression, push fit and fusion joints as used for polythene and polyethylene service mains fusion welded joint Push fit joint as used for low pressure waste pipework Plastic Pipe and Fittings From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 53 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com BS male iron thread Various types of plastic fittings used on high and low pressure pipework

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes tapered thread (Crane fitting) female thread of fittings as produced by two leading manufacturers parallel thread (GF fitting) stainless steel backing washer rubber Compression ring male thread cut onto pipe with stocks and dies threaded socket being used compression coupling being used Typical selection of low carbon steel pipe fittings gasket union connector flange joint longscrew From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 55 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Low carbon steel pipe and fittings correct order of tightening bolts on a flange to prevent distortion

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes compression ring Non-manipulative compression fitting pipe nut belled adapto out end pipe fitting body pipe Manipulative compression fitting Solder ring fitting End feed solder fitting Typical selection of copper fittings solder applied to fitting 22 mm grab ring 22 mm ‘O’ ring 22 mm the above fitting is specified 22 × 15 × 22 (not 22 × 15) Typical push fit joint Copper pipe and fittings From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 57 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes ‘X’ stops proposed bend nominal diameter of pipe ‘X’ hydraulic bending machine former centre mark location for second bend Forming a 90° bend Hydraulic pipe bender required offset 2 pulling 1 st bend 1 3 pulling 2 nd bend Low carbon steel pipe bending From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 59 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com required offset

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes ‘X’ Required offset proposed bend straight edge first bend pulling 1 st bend back guide Throating caused by the roller being too tight pulling 2 nd bend roller ‘X’ Incorrect roller adjustment Forming an offset tube stop straight edge square Forming a 90° bend mark to indicate position of passover at which to bend when in machine Required offset From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 61 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Rippling caused by the roller being too loose required distance of passover Copper pipe bending

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Internal support will be required when heat bending copper or plastic pipe 15 mm dia D external bending spring centre line radius R Bends pulled with increased Radius (made using bending springs and heat) The heat length is found by 4 D × 1. 5. . . 4 × 15 × 1. 5 = 90 mm This section is heated and the bend pulled internal bending spring 90 mm heat length Pipe bending using heat From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 63 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Bend pulled with bending machine (all radius remain the same)

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Note: the joint can be made in any angle as the solder is drawn into the close fitting surfaces old fashioned lead solder joint capillary joints wiped taft joint Typical soft soldered joints high temperature joints Made using oxyacetylene equipment low temperature joints made using LPG blowpipe capillary joints Note: the surface area between the mating surfaces does not need to be as great as that for soft soldered joints bronze welded joint Examples of hard and soft soldering Typical hard soldered joints From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 65 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Soldering

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Saffire DH blowpipe welding nozzles available in various sizes Model ‘O’ blowpipe outlet pressure gauge flashback arrestor blue hose nozzle blowpipe cylinder contents gauge pressure regulator cylinder outlet valve red hose spindle key cylinders secured to trolley Small port-a-pac Oxyacetylene welding set hose heck valves firefighting apparatus at hand Welding equipment and safety From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 67 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com acetylene cylinder (painted maroon) oxygen cylinder (painted black) Standard welding equipment

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes hottest part of flame carburising flame (excess acetylene) neutral flame carburising flame (excess oxygen) The oxyacetylene flame nozzle filler rod 60– 70° 30– 40° direction of weld filler rod Leftward welding technique blowpipe is generally directed from side to side 30– 40° 40– 70° direction of weld Rightward welding technique From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 69 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com filler rod follows the blowpipe in a circular motion Welding processes

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes 10 mm lap square butt (for sheet thickness 1– 3 mm) single ‘V’ butt (for sheet thickness 3– 6 mm) double ‘V’ butt Bronze welded joints to sheet material bell joint bell branch butt joint butt branch reducing joint Joints to pipe From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 71 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Bronze welding reducing branch Page 13

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes thumbnail design of weld herringbone design of weld (side to side progression with a slow flame) (straight line of progression with a fast flame) butt weld lap weld filler rod upright seam 60 ° section 30 ° spot tack 2 md loading 6 mm 1 st loading 12 mm tack inclined seam Vertical welds (no filler rods used) Lead welding From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 73 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com lapped seam up an inclined plane

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes crutch head wedge shaped gate non-rising spindle packing gland nut packing headgear jumper body wheel head seating washer Stopcock Fullway gatevalve key to operate valve ‘O’ rings quarter turn head valve closed valve open Ball valve (typical design used for washing machines etc. ) Plug cock (in closed position) fibre or metal washer Disc globe cock From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 75 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com In-line valves

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Automatic closing device Examples of terminal fittings Supatap design of bibcock headgear body washer jumper circlip ‘O’ ring washer Screwdown bibtap non-rising spindle washer Pillar tap washer top disc turns Quarter turn ceramic disc pillar tap backnut ‘O’ ring double outlet water mixes as it leaves the spout single outlet water mixes in body of tap Mono-block design of mixer taps fixed disc Drain off cock Terminals valves From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 77 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Note how the water enters cistern above the valve thus ensuring an air gap is maintained seating Diaphragm type equilibrium valves (torbeck) (BS 1212 pt 4) As the water rises it lifts the float which transmits the force to the washer closing off the supply washer split pin Diaphragm ballvalve Portsmouth type lever arm float (BS 1212 pt 2/3) Note: the water pressure acts on both sides of the washer, therefore it is in a state of equilibrium piston Portsmouth ballvalve (BS 1212 pt 1) Float-operated valves From Plumbing (3 rd edition), R. D. Treloar, page 79 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www. blackwellpublishing. com Page 13