Key Issues Confronting Latin America Fabiana Sofia Perera

Key Issues Confronting Latin America Fabiana Sofia Perera, Ph. D William J Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies fabiana. s. perera. civ@ndu. edu

Which do you think is the top issue for Latin American countries? A. B. C. D. Economic situation Migration Relationship with the US Organized crime

What is the most important problem your country is facing? Low salaries Terrorism/Guerrilla Education problems Unemployment Violations of Human Rights Health problems Corruption Crime/citizen security Drug use Border issue Gas/fuel Energy supply problems The economy/ economic problems Global warming Food supply Source: Latinobarometer (2017)

What is the most important problem your country is facing? Inflation Low salaries Health issues Education problems Unemployment Housing problems Corruption Terrorism Crime Opportunities for youth Poverty The environment Drugs Something else DK/NA Source: Latinobarometer (1995)

From our perspective: • Governance • Cyber security • Migration • Influence of extra-hemispheric actors • Transnational organized crime and counternarcotics Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

Governance • Democratic decline • Defense governance Source: Freedom House (2019) Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

Venezuela Democratic decline in Venezuela Source: Polity project Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

Venezuela Charles Shapiro 2002 -2004 Context William Brownfield 2004 -2007 Governance Patrick Duddy 2007 - Aug. 2010 Cyber Security Larry Palmer Nom. 2010 Extra-Hemispheric Actors Jeremy “Jimmy” Story July 2018 -March 2019 CTOC/CN Closing

Governance • Democratic decline • Defense governance Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

Cyber Security Source: Mc. Affee (2017) Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

Extra-Hemispheric Actors Russian arms sales to Venezuela Chinese arms sales to Venezuela Source: Polga-Hecimovitch, John y Fabiana Perera (2020) Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

CTOC/CN Major drug trafficking routes in the Western Hemisphere Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Context Governance Cyber Security Overdoes Death Rates Involving Opioids, by Type, United States, 2000 -16 Source: CDC/NICH, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. CDC Wonder, Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

CTOC/CN Nicolas Maduro (Venezuela) and Hassan Rouhani (Iran) (2019) Context Governance Cyber Security Assad Ahmad Barakat (Hezbollah) arrested in Brazil (2018) Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing

Closing • Latin America as a region of peace • Latin America as a strong US partner Context Governance Cyber Security Extra-Hemispheric Actors CTOC/CN Closing