Key Issue 2 Where are People Distributed Within

Key Issue 2: Where are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

Models of Urban Structure Concentric Zone – Ernest Burgess, 1923 �CBD �Transition �Industry and poorer housing �Working-class homes �Older homes �Middle-class homes �Newer homes, more amenities �Commuter Zone �Suburbs

Models of Urban Structure Sector Model, Homer Hoyt – 1939 � Sectors develop and are attractive because of their qualities; along transport routes � As cities grow, activities expand outward 1. CBD 2. Transport and Industry 3. Low-class residential 4. Middle-class residential 5. High-class residential � No difference in zones, just in how they spread

Models of Urban Structure Multiple Nuclei Model, Harris and Ullman �More than one center, and activities evolve around those centers �Certain “zones”, “sectors” attracted to nodes �Airports – hotels, warehouses �University – pizzerias, bookstores

Geographic Applications of the Models � Social area analysis using census tracts to see income, level of education, etc � Applying Concentric Zone: �Owners of land/housing much more likely to live in outer ring than renters � Sector Model �Higher income will not live in the same sector as lower income � Multiple Nuclei �Ethnic or racial neighborhoods

CBD outside North America �Historic CBD – churches, palaces or centers of political importance �Most people live downtown �Renovation of older buildings �Some bans on automobiles �Europe �Inner rings have residential

Outside North America �Paris �Wealthy people live in inner circle �Best shops, restaurants, etc. are in city center �Poor people live on outskirts of city

CBD Paris

Latin America �Griffin and Ford (Latin America) �Wealthy people push out from center in an elite sector �Spine – offices, shops, zoos, parks, theaters �Squatter settlements: barriadas, favelas, slums

Evolution of the American Urban System �Borchert’s Epochs in Urban History �S curve – population growth �Horse and Wagon/Sail: 1790 -1830 �Regional Rail Network/Steamboat Iron Horse: 1830 -1870 �National Railroad Network/Long Haul-Steel Rail: 1870 -1920 �Automobile-Airplane: 1920 -1960 �Satellite-Electronic-Jet propulsion: 1960 -current

Horse and Wagon/Sail Epoch �Predominant source of energy for shipping was wind power �Land – most effective vehicle was a wagon �Travel on land was slow, cumbersome �Most cities were port cities during this time

Regional Rail or Steamboat/Iron Horse �Rail networks served port cities �Upstream travel now efficient and profitable �Coal production jumps, electricity frees communication from transportation �Rise of inland urban areas around coal/water

National Rail or Long Haul Steel Rail � Elimination of steamboats as effective means of transit � Improved land transit – reduced friction and weights � Steam/electricity used in plants, moving away from water as a source of power � New manufacturing towns develop away from waterways, along railways

Automobile/Airplane �Density of road networks allows travel almost everywhere �Frees urbanization from railroad lines �Decline in rail towns

Satellite Electronic Jet Epoch �Faster modes of transit than historic air �Jet propulsion, propeller based helicopters, improved fuel efficiency and speed in automobiles �Further suburbanization and counterurbanization �Communication now nearly unlimited in areas

What to consider with Borchert’s Epochs � How have RR epochs changed the form of cities? �Growth of CBD – emerges and expands �Corridors – industrial districts along transportation networks �Urban patterns – hub and spoke patterns �Land values: real estate around RR becomes more expensive � How have RR epochs changed the size of cities? �Economic growth – connectivity and accessibility �Migration of labor force �Increased size along transit corridors �Range of services/employment increases �Commercial zone growth – land used for rail, stations, warehouses, etc. �Cities declined – some cities, not connected to rail, began to decline

What to consider with Borchert’s Epochs � Auto Epoch � Relocation of economic activities – services, offices, retail, industry around highway interchanges � Suburbanization – groups could access downtowns by car – depopulation of city centers � Land use – parking lots, lanes for highway, eminent domain; divisions socioeconomically, wider roads � Conurbation – towns merging with suburbs of one or more cities. Megalopolis! I 95 NE � Edge cities – highways (Marietta, Smyrna, Roswell, Alpharetta, etc) � Environment: air, water, noise, light pollution in cities; urban heat islands � Bypassed cities: cities not connected to highway decline in importance