Key Issue 2 Where are Migrants Distributed Global

Key Issue 2 Where are Migrants Distributed?

Global Migration Patterns • Globally, Asia, Latin America, Africa net outmigration (what does this mean? ) • North America, Europe, Oceania net in-migration • 3 largest migrant flows are to Europe from Asia, to N. A. from Asia & from L. A. • Global pattern reflects migration from LDC-MDC • Head to wealthier countries for income opportunities • Population of U. S. includes about 30 million migrants • ½ immigrants-L. A. • ¼ Asia & Europe

Global Migration Patterns • Highest % immigrants found in the Middle East-about ½ region’s total population • UAE more than 90% immigrants • Kuwait more than 70% • Reason for this is oil and job opportunities

U. S. Immigration Patterns • U. S. direct descendants of immigrants • 3 main eras of immigration • 1 st-initial settlement of colonies-English or African slaves • 2 nd-mid 19 th century • Peaked early 20 th century -immigrants mainly from Europe during this era • 3 rd-began in 1970 s and continues today-3/4 from L. A. & Asia during this era • Despite origins, reasons for migrating remain same-rapid population growth limited economic advancement-were in stage 2

Colonial Immigration from England Africa • Africans forced to migrate to U. S. as slaves • Europeans were voluntary migrants (bad economic conditions & persecution prevailed) which caused Europeans to migrate • 90% European immigration prior to 1840 came from Great Britain • African Americans descended from Africans forced to migrate to Western Hemisphere as slaves (400, 000 shipped as slaves to 13 colonies)

19 th Century Immigration from Europe • Since Columbus sailed from Spain-Western Hemisphere about 65 million Europeans migrated to other continents • 40 million of them came to the U. S. • 1 st Peak of European Immigration • 90% of all U. S. immigrants during 184050 s came from Northern and Western Europe • 2/5 from Ireland & 1/3 from Germany • Economic push factors was reason for Irish & German migration

19 th Century Immigration (continued) • 2 nd peak of European immigration-1880 s • ¾ from Europe. Industrial Revolution diffused to other European countries • Population growing rapidly-entering stage 2 of demographic transition (rapidly declining death rates) • Migrated to cities and other countries for jobs or farmland • 3 rd peak-economic problems in U. S. in early 1890 s discouraged immigration • 1907 -record year with 1. 3 million immigrants

3 rd Peak-19 th century Immigration (continued) • During this peak 90% came from other countries in Europe i. e. Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary (present day Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Rep. , Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine) • Southern Europe for same reasons as Northern & Western Europe

Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions • Immigration dropped during 1930 s & 40 s due to Great Depression & WW II • Immigration from Asia-19 th century, early 20 th century-1 million from China, Turkey, & Japan • Asia lead immigration late 1970 s and late 1980 s • During 1990 s & 2000 s China (including Hong Kong), Phillipines, India, & Vietnam • Asians make up 40% of Canadian immigrants, but compared to U. S. receives a higher % of Europeans & lower % of Latin Americans • Immigration from Latin America -2 million to U. S. 1820 -1960, 11 million 1960 -2000 • Mexico passed Germany during 1980 s as country that sent more immigrants to U. S. currently at 8 million

Recent Immigration (continued) • Dominican Republic-2 nd, El Salvador-3 rd • 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Actissued visas to several hundred thousand who had entered U. S. in previous years without legal documents • People still pushed from their countries into U. S. for economic opportunities and social advancement

Impact of Immigration on U. S. • Legacy of European Migrationended with start of WW I in 1914 • Europe’s Demographic Transition-rapid population growth caused Emigrationstage 2 with high growth ratelimited opportunities for economic advancement • European governments tried to promote efficient agriculture turning small farms into larger farms • Larger units (farms) was to be divided among relatives • Consolidation policy known as “enclosure movement”-this forced millions of people to emigrate from rural areas to working in factories in large cities or migrating to U. S. where farmland is plentiful • Most European countries have very low natural increase rates (stage 4 of demographic transition) and are capable of meeting needs of their people

Diffusion of European Culture • Emigration of 65 million Europeans changed world cultures • Brought cultural heritage to their new homes • Indo-European languages spoken by ½ world’s people; Christianity • Migrated to Asia and Africa; imposed political domination on existing population i. e. India, South Africa • In Latin America European migrants established plantations • Most conflicts stem from former European colonies and immigration

Undocumented Immigration to U. S. • # of people who wish to migrate here are higher than what quotas permit • Entering illegallyundocumented immigrants • Do not know exactly what # is-BCIS (U. S. Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services) • People who are here illegally want opportunities to workmore than one million try to cross U. S. borders • Foreigners who do not have work visas have 2 choices if they want to work here-enter as students, tourists & remain here & other ½ slip across border without passport and visa

Undocumented Immigration (continued) • Once they are here, become “documented” by purchasing forged documents (including birth certificate, alien registration card, SS#) • If caught, deported back to home country • 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act-tried to reduce flow of illegals • Under law, aliens who could prove they had lived in U. S. 1982 -1987 could become permanent resident aliens and apply for U. S. citizenship after 5 years • Seasonal workers could also qualify

Destination of Immigrants within U. S. • Recent immigrants • Chain Migrationnot evenly distributed migration of people to through U. S. a specific location because relatives or • More than ½ clustered members of same in 4 states nationality migrated • Arrive by car or plane there • Proximity definitely • Job prospects another influences where factor where people migrants relocate migrate