Kennedy and Johnson Years 1960 1968 chapter 21

Kennedy and Johnson Years [1960 -1968]: chapter 21 “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ” Kennedy

The Election of 1960 l l TV Presidential Debate Nixon - ill, serious, not overly handsome Kennedy - young, relaxed, handsome Kennedy skilled on TV: Nixon skilled at using TV l l Polls showed: l l http: //www. history. com/topics/uspresidents/kennedy-nixon-debates debate gave him momentum going into the election Those who watched debate on TV selected Kennedy as the winner Those who listened to debate on Radio selected Nixon as the winner

Election of 1960 l l l Kennedy = young, energetic Senator, also Roman Catholic Nixon = seasoned veteran who had lots of political experience Kennedy won the popular election by 119, 000 votes out of 69 million

Kennedy’s Domestic Programs l l l Kennedy’s programs and incentives: The New Frontier (intended to boost the economy, provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program) Kennedy did not have a mandate (public endorsement of his proposals). Difficulty getting his bills passed in Congress. The Economy l l l Combating Poverty and Inequality l l l Fought big business price fixing Proposed large tax cut Kennedy - convinced the poor needed direct federal aid Congress passed a minimum wage increase and the Housing Act of 1961 Other Kennedy Initiatives l l Kennedy began trying to achieve his goals through executive order Issued many executive orders (214 total)

Space Program l On November 3, 1957, Laika, became the first animal in space. The Soviet Union was one step ahead of the US.

The Space Program l l On April 12, 1961, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to travel in space Fearing America had fallen behind in technological development, Kennedy called for more funding and better results

Space Program l l l The United States “should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon. ”- Kennedy The nation accepted the challenge and funding for NASA increased On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard, first American to travel to space (in orbit) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. KFQClij 1 cc

Man on the Moon “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” l l Finally, on July 20, 1969, the U. S. would achieve its goal An excited nation watched as U. S. astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon l Space and defense-related industries sprang up in Southern and Western states

The Warren Court l l Referred to as the Warren Court because of its Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953 -1969) Warren Court overturned many old laws and established new legal precedents

Major Decisions of the Warren Court

The Warren Court l l During the Kennedy-Johnson years, the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, handed down many controversial landmark verdicts. The Court ruled on social issues including: l l Obscenity prayer in public schools use of birth control. Court ruled on the rights of persons accused of committing crimes. l Miranda rule, a result of the 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona, required police to inform accused persons of their rights. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 Qi. Fg 7 MJL 3 E

Warren Court Criticism l l Much of the criticism of the Warren Court during the 1950 s and 1960 s centered on perceptions that the Supreme Court had become too activist. Instead of simply deciding what the Constitution required, the justices attempted to enforce their own notions of justice.

Bay of Pigs Invasion: 1961 l l l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cleb 8 OXBd_ 1959 - Fidel Castro overthrew the U. S. backed dictator Fulgencio Batista Castro installed a communist government President Kennedy learned of a plan by outgoing President Eisenhower to train exiled Cubans in Guatemala to overthrow Castro 1961 - Day of the invasion - air strike was limited and missed the Cuban air force 1, 500 U. S. -backed invaders captured by Castro’s forces Humiliating loss for the US

The Berlin Crisis: 1961 l l Soviet Union wanted to stop the flow of East German people to West Germany through Berlin Soviet demanded a treaty to make the division permanent

The Berlin Wall: 1961 l JFK felt like the Soviets were going to try to take over more of Europe l l l called for a large increase in military spending Army placed on alert Soviets responded by building the Berlin Wall

The Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 l l October 1962, American spy plane revealed the Soviet Union were building missile bases on Cuban soil Tension escalated between the US and USSR

Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 l l l Kennedy’s response = a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba Soviet ships approached the blockade = world waited in fear At the last minute Soviet leader Khrushchev ordered ships turned around

Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962

Cuban Missile Crisis Map: 1962

Cuba: 1961 -1962 l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=H 5 Zz. L 9 Ksy. PY Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles that were already there in exchange for the U. S. staying out of Cuba and U. S. missiles being removed from Turkey

Limited Test Ban Treaty: 1963 l The Limited Test Ban Treaty also was a result of this crisis, it banned nuclear testing above the ground

JFK: Foreign Policy l l l “Flexible Response” moved away from the drastic stances of Massive Retaliation = Less militant response Alliance for Progress Proactive ventures in Latin America The Peace Corps http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v 08 lq 5 t. N a. PA (Flexible Response) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ae. XRLv c. Pp-I (Alliance for Progress)

The Peace Corps l l The Peace Corps Kennedy established program for group of volunteers that were sent overseas to help developing nations around the world as: l Educators l health workers l technicians http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Eq. OH 2 M 12 VUg&list=PLDE 8 B 75064 FA 22525

t Kennedy Assassination l l Began his reelection campaign, JFK traveled to Dallas, TX with his wife The Governor met them at the airport and together they took an open-air limousine through Dallas In the Texas School Book Depository, Lee Harvey Oswald took aim and shot Kennedy from the sixth floor Kennedy was pronounced dead at the Hospital shortly after on Nov. 22, 1963.

Nation in Mourning l l l Nation grieved Alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby (Dallas night club owner) President LBJ ordered the Warren Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy Concluded Oswald had acted alone http: //www. latimes. com/nation/la-na-jfkanniversary-20131117 dto, 0, 7472345. htmlstory#axzz 2 tg 6 kn. C C

Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ): Path to the White House l LBJ (36 th president) = skilled politician l l youngest minority leader of the Senate later Senate majority leader. very successful Kinda perverted “Jumbo”

l. Johnson easily won the election over Barry Goldwater in 1964 l. Characterized Goldwater as a trigger happy war monger who would use nuclear weapons. Presidential Election of 1964

LBJ in action l l Famous for his ability to use the political system to accomplish goals Johnson inspired fear and awe among his colleagues

The Great Society l Johnson began a series of major legislative initiatives called the Great Society http: //www. nbcnews. com/video/nightlynews/45872954#45872954

Major Great Society Programs

The Great Society l Great Society programs included major poverty relief, education aid, healthcare, voting rights, conservation and beautification projects, urban renewal and economic development

The Great Society l The Tax Cut l l Johnson proposed a large tax cut that would pay for itself with the increase in the economy War on Poverty l l He started Head Start (preschool for low income families) Volunteers in Service to America [VISTA] (volunteers for low income neighborhoods)

Figure 28. 4 Legal Immigration to the United States by Region, 1931– 1984 (p. 828)

The Great Society l l Aid to Education — The 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, provided billions of dollars in aid to public and private schools. Medicare and Medicaid l l l Medicare - provides low-cost medical insurance to most Americans over age 65 Medicaid - provides medical and health services to poor Americans of any age. Immigration Reform Immigration Act of 1965 -replaced immigration quotas with overall limits from various parts of the world. l Immigration rose dramically during the 1960 s and 1970 s.

Johnson’s Foreign. Johnson’s Policy Foreign Policy l l The Dominican Republic l l After Communist rebels attack the country, Johnson sent 22, 000 marines to ensure the government not become Communist and they were successful Vietnam Johnson became deeply involved in Southeast Asia l Golf of Tonkin Resolution-In August 1964 Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution approving and supporting President LBJ’s determination to repel any armed attack against U. S. forces in Southeast Asia. l U. S. backed South Vietnam against forces wanting a Communist government http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s. OYKHY 2 m. Bm. Q (DR) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. WAm. AOctux. I (gul; f of tonkin) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Wtm 9 Pr 98 Bk 4 (Vietnam) l

United States enters the Vietnam War In 1964 l