Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick Kingdom

Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick! Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Kindom Protizoa proto, first + zoo, animal • Evolved from the Archae approx. 1. 5 billion years ago • Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more than one ancestral group • Represents separate evolutionary lineages • Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own food) • Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed upon other organisms) v Today you will study phyla and animal like protists.

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Animal-Like Protists Fig. 8. 2 8 -1

Chapter 8 Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa “Protist” Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotesn any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protozoan Protist Fig. 8. 3 8 -2 W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa Fig. 8. 4 8 -3

Figure 8. 5

Symbiotic lifestyles • Symbiosis (Gr. Syn, with +bios, life) • Parasitism- a form of symbiosis- organism lives in or on other (Host)

Some parasites have life cycles involving multiple hosts • Definite host- harbors the sexual stages of the parasite • Intermediate host- the offspring enter another host where they reproduce asexually, to complete lifecycle the final asexual stage must have access to a Definite host

Other kinds of symbiosis • Don’t harm host – Commensalisms- one member benefits – Mutualism- both benefit

Flagellated Protozoa • Flagellates are the ancestors of ameoboid protozoan • Phytoflagellated (photosynthesizing) • zooflagellated (particle feeding and parasitic)

Phytoflagellated Protozoa – Chlorophyll (oxygen for marine life) – One or two flagella – These protozoans are large portion of the marine food – i. e dinoflagellates – Two flagellates, chlorophyll, xanthophyll (bloom=red tides) and results in fill kills (Red sea, bible)

Figure 8. 6

Other Phytoflagellated Protozoa Euglena • Freshwater phytoflagellated protozoa • Chloroplast has a pyrenoid (synthesizes and stores carbohydrates) • feed by absorption or are heterotrophic • Stigma- photoreceptor at the base of the flagellum • Haploid organisms and reproduce binary fission

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Structure of Euglena Fig. 8. 7 Subphylum Mastigophora (cl. Phytomastigophora) 8 -4

Zooflagellated Protozoa • Lack chloroplast • Heterotrophic • Some members are important human parasites • Species Trypanosoma brucei cause African sleeping sickness (Intermediate host- Tsetse flies )

Zooflagellated Protozoa Trypanosomes • Tsetse fly picks up parasite from infected • Multiply asexually in the gut of flies • Infects other individuals • Cause mental dullness and lack of coordination “Sleepiness” • Death- Central Nervous System, cardiovascular, and malnutrition • Curable if detected early

Figure 8. 8 (a)

Figure 8. 8 (b)

Amoeboid Protozoa Fig 8. 10 Amoebozoan proteus

Study representatives of the following three Protista phyla: 1) Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina 2) Phylum Apicomplexa 3) Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Sarcomastigophora • Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed. • Subphylum Masigophora – Chars: One or more Falgella – Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora) – Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both; – Reproduction usually by fission

• Freshwater phytomastigophoran • Ponds and slow moving streams • Study live protozoans using methylcellulose • Observe Flagella using iodine potassium iodine (IKI)

Other Mastigophora • Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas • Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts. Termite gut

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei Fig. 8. 9 8 -6

Phytomstigophoran- Volvox • shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate Fig. 8. 8 8 -5

Subphylum Sarcodina • Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas • Ameobas- common freshwater protist • Lives on the bottom of ponds

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Variations in Pseudopodia Fig. 8. 10 8 -7

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea Fig. 8. 11 b 8 -8

Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines • Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test. • Test (shell) are protective structures that the cytoplasm secretes • Test can be made of calcium carbonate, protein, silica or chitin (a polysaccharide) • Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata) Fig. 8. 12 8 -9

The Coccidea- Phylum Apicomplexa • Chars: All parasites • Apical complex used for penetrating host cells • Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages • Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex

Most important Coccidians are members of the class Sporozoea • Chars: intracellular parasites of animals • Form spores or oocysts following sexual reproduction • Complex life cycle that involve both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts • Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.

Fig 8. 14 Life Cycle of Plasmodium Figure 8. 14

Phylum Ciliophora • Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present • Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans • Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats • Some are symbiotic • Reproduction can be asexual through fission or sexual through conjugation

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliate (Paramecium) Fig. 8. 17 b 8 -12

Fig 8. 15 The Ciliate paramecium Figure 8. 15 (a)

Figure 8. 17

Fig 8. 18 Suctroian feeding Figure 8. 18

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Conjugation in Paramecium Fig. 8. 21 8 -13

Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium • Common freshwater ciliate • Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution • Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships Fig. 8. 22 8 -14

Figure 8. 20

Box Figure 8. 1

EOC Figure The End