KARABK NIVERSITESI NGILIZ DILI VE EDEBIYATI VIZE SUNUMU

KARABÜK ÜNIVERSITESI İNGILIZ DILI VE EDEBIYATI VIZE SUNUMU

PROTAGONIST(ANA KARAKTER) A PROTAGONıST ıS THE CENTRAL CHARACTER OR LEADıNG FıGURE ıN POETRY, NARRATıVE, NOVEL OR ANY OTHER STORYA. PROTAGONıST ıS SOMETıMES CALLED A “HERO” BY THE AUDıENCE OR READERST. HE WORD ORıGıNALLY CAME FROM THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND ıN GREEK DRAMA WHıCH REFERS TO THE PERSON WHO LED THE CHORUS. LATER ON, THE WORD STARTED BEıNG USED AS A TERM FOR THE FıRST ACTOR ıN ORDER OF PERFORMANCEW. HıLE THE PROTAGONıST ıS OFTEN “THE GOOD GUY” AT ODDS WıTH A VıLLAıN OR ANTAGONıST, THE PROTAGONıST CAN ALSO BE AN ANTıHERO. WHETHER OR NOT THE PROTAGONıST ıS GOOD OR EVıL, THE AUDıENCE ıS GENERALLY SUPPOSED TO EMPATHıZE WıTH THıS PERSON AND UNDERSTAND THE MOTıVATıONS THAT PROPEL THE CHARACTER TO DO WHAT HE OR SHE DOESP. ROTAGONıST REMAıNS THE KEY ıNGREDıENT ıN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STORY, WHıCH ıS WHY THE STORY REVOLVES AROUND PROTAGONıST. MORE OFTEN THAN NOT THE PROTAGONıST ıS FAıR AND ALWAYS FOUND SUPPORTıNG THE MORAL GOOD. FURTHER ıN THE PLOT THE PROTAGONıST MAY UNDERGO SOME CHANGE, WHıCH WıLL PROBABLY BE THE CLıMAX OF THE STORY.

PUN A PUN ıS A PLAY ON WORDS ıN WHıCH A HUMOROUS EFFECT ıS PRODUCED BY USıNG A WORD THAT SUGGESTS TWO OR MORE MEANıNGS OR BY EXPLOıTıNG SıMıLAR SOUNDıNG WORDS HAVıNG DıFFERENT MEANıNGS. ANOTHER WORD FOR PUN ıS PARONOMASıA, WHıCH COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD PARONOMAZEıN, WHıCH MEANT, “TO MAKE A CHANGE ıN NAMıNG. ”APART FROM BEıNG WıTTY AND HUMOROUS, PUNS ADD PROFOUND MEANıNGS TO TEXTS AND SHAPE THE WAY ıN WHıCH THE TEXT ıS ıNTERPRETED BY THE READERS. BESıDES, PUNS ıN A LıTERARY WORKS ACT AS A SOURCE OF COMıC RELıEF OR AN ıNTENTıONAL EFFORT ON THE PART OF THE WRıTER TO SHOW HıS/HER CREATıVE ABıLıTY ıN USıNG LANGUAGE. HOMOPHONIC PUNS RELIES ON WORDS THAT SOUND ALIKE OR HAVE SIMILAR SOUNDS, RATHER THAN A SINGLE WORD WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS. FOR EXAMPLE: SEVEN DAYS WITHOUT LAUGHTER MAKES ONE WEAK (WEEK). HOMOGRAPHIC PUNS (ANTANACLASIS PUNS) ARE WORDS THAT HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING, DESPITE BEING SPELLED IDENTICALLY OR HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGSF. OR EXAMPLE : MY DAD IS DIGGING A NEWWELL. DAVID DOESN’T FEEL WELL TODAY.

PUN HOMONYMIC PUNS CONTAINS ASPECTS OF BOTH THE HOMOPHONIC PUN AND THE HOMOGRAPHIC PUN. FOR EXAMPLE: TWO SILK WORMS HAD A RACE AND ENDED IN ATIE. COMPOUND PUNS THAT WHICH CONTAINS TWO OR MORE PUNS IN THE SAME SENTENCE. FOR EXAMPLE: WHY CAN A MAN NEVER STARVE IN THEGREAT DESERT? BECAUSE HE CAN EAT THE SAND WHICH IS (SANDWICHES)THERE. BUT WHAT BROUGHT THE SANDWICHES THERE? WHY, NOAH SENT HAM(HAM), AND HIS DESCENDANTS MUSTERED (MUSTARD) AND BRED (BREAD). RECURSIVE PUNS THE SECOND CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PUN RELIES ON THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE FIRST. FOR EXAMPLE: FOURTH OF MAY IS INTERNATIONAL STAR WARS DAY. MAY THE FOURTH (FORCE) BE WITH YOU.

QUATRAIN A QUATRAIN IS A VERSE WITH FOUR LINES, OR EVEN A FULL POEM CONTAINING FOUR LINES, HAVING AN INDEPENDENT AND SEPARATE THEME. OFTEN ONE LINE CONSISTS OF ALTERNATING RHYME. IT EXISTS IN A VARIETY OF FORMS. WE CAN TRACE BACK QUATRAINS IN POEMS OF POETIC TRADITIONS BY DIFFERENT ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS SUCH AS CHINA, ANCIENT ROME AND ANCIENT GREECE AND CONTINUE TO APPEAR IN TWENTY FIRST CENTURY. FOR EXAMPLE: HE GIVES HIS HARNESS BELLS A SHAKE TO ASK IF THERE’S SOME MISTAKE. THE ONLY OTHER SOUND’S THE SWEEP OF EASY WIND AND DOWNY FLAKE. (STOPPING BY WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING BY ROBERT FROST)

TYPES OF QUATRAIN BALLAD STANZA: ITS RHYME SCHEME IS ABAB WITH IAMBIC TETRAMETER. ENVELOPE STANZA: ITS RHYME SCHEME IS ABBA WITH IAMBIC TETRAMETER. GOETHE STANZA: ITS RHYME SCHEME IS ABAB BUT NO METER. ITALIAN QUATRAIN: ITS RHYME SCHEME IS ABBA WITH IAMBIC PENTAMETER. HYMNAL QUATRAIN: THIS MULTI STANZA CONTAINS THREE ALTERNATING RHYMES WITH IAMBIC TRIMESTER AND IAMBIC TETRAMETER. RHYME SCHEME IS A 4 B 3 C 4 B 3. ELEGIAC (HEROıC) STANZA: THIS USES ABAB RHYME SCHEME WITH IAMBIC PENTAMETER. MEMORIAM STANZA: THIS USES ABBA RHYME SCHEME WITH IAMBIC TETRAMETER.

REFRAIN IS A VERSE, A LINE, A SET, OR A GROUP OF SOME LINES THAT APPEARS AT THE END OF STANZA, OR APPEARS WHERE A POEM DIVIDES INTO DIFFERENT SECTIONS. REFRAIN IS A POETIC DEVICE THAT REPEATS AT REGULAR INTERVALS IN DIFFERENT STANZAS. HOWEVER, SOMETIMES, THIS REPETITION MAY INVOLVE ONLY MINOR CHANGES IN ITS WORDING. IT ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THE RHYME OF A POEM AND EMPHASIZES AN IDEA THROUGH REPETITION. FOR EXAMPLE: IT WAS MANY AND MANY A YEAR AGO, IN A KINGDOM BY THE SEA, THAT A MAIDEN THERE LIVED WHOM YOU MAY KNOW… I WAS A CHILD ANDSHE WAS A CHILD, IN THIS KINGDOM BY THE SEA, BUT WE LOVED WITH A LOVE THAT WAS MORE THAN LOVE— I AND MY ANNABEL LEE… (ANNABEL LEE BY EDGAR ALLAN POE)

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