Jupiter To Black Holes Photo NASAUSGSVoyager Sponsored by

Jupiter To Black Holes Photo: NASA/USGS/Voyager Sponsored by: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory: a Caltech/MIT collaboration supported by the National Science Foundation Gregory Mendell LIGO Hanford Observatory LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Physicist: someone that enjoys being confused! Definition based on a story told by Richard Price, March 2009, Eugene Oregon Get ready… LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Portrait by Justus Sustermans painted in 1636. Just after 1609… “I should disclose and publish to the world the occasion of discovering and observing four Planets, never seen from the beginning of the world…” Photo: NASA Prepared by Adrian Pingstone NASA/JPL Galileo Galilei, Sidereus Nuncius, March 1610. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Michael Stegina/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF

The moons orbited Jupiter… http: //www. utahskies. org/report/20030627 weekly. shtml LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Jupiter and its moons viewed 400 year later LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Photo top left: NASA/USGS/Voyager; all other images: NASA/Voyager

What would Galileo have thought… Credit: European Southern Observatory (ESO); S. Gillessen et. al LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Using today’s telescopes… Credit: NASA/Chandra X-Ray Observatory LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Zooming in on the galactic center… LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Credit: ESO PR Video Clip 02/02; ESO/European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere; Press Release 2002

Along Came Newton Credit: Portrait of Isaac Newton painted in 1689 by Sir Godfrey Kneller (Farleigh House, Farleigh Wallop, Hampshire) http: //www. huntington. org/Library. Div/Newtonexhibit. htm Sir Isaac Newton invented theory of gravity and much of the math needed to understand it. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

And Kepler’s 3 rd Law… Portrait of Johannes Kepler, artist unknown, 1610 = 3 million Solar Masses Credit: ESO PR Photo 23 c/02; ESO/European Organization for Astronomical Reseach in the Southern Hemisphere; Press Release 2002 LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Einstein Wondered: Can we catch light? Mirror Photo: Albert Einstein at the first Solvay Conference, 1911; Public Domain LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Some Far Out Ideas • • The faster you go the slower time goes. Nothing can go faster than light. Gravity disappears when you free fall. Sources of gravity warp space and time; gravity slows down time. • Black holes really are like holes in space. • Worm holes? Warp Drive? • Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime. LIGO is searching for these waves, with black holes as one possible source. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Niels Bohr c T Time Dilation Albert Einstein x=v t t c T= t 1 -v 2/c 2 = change in T = time measured by motercycle riders t = time measured by observer at “rest” v = speed of motercycles Start c = speed of light LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Warning: thought experiment only; do not try this at home.

Spacetime Diagram • Betty takes a rocket traveling at 96. 7% the speed of light and travels 29 lt-yrs from Earth and back. • When Betty returns she is sweet 16, and Bob is 61 years old!!! t • Imagine twins, Betty and Bob, separated 1 year after birth. Baby Betty & Bob: x = 29 light-years t = 30 years The Twin Paradox x T= 30 yrs 1 -(. 967)2=7. 6 yrs LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Figure: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Twin_paradox

Einstein’s Happiest Thought: Gravity Disappears When You Free Fall Video: NASA; http: //ksnn. larc. nasa. gov Photo: NASA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Leaning_ Tower_of_Pisa LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Warning: thought experiment only; do not try this at home.

A new wrinkle on gravity: General Relativity arrives in 1915. Figure: Focus Mar 95 p 30 Not only the path of matter, but even the path of light is affected by gravity from massive objects. Gravity is the curvature of space and time! http: //www. geocities. com/Omegaman_UK/relativity. html: Photo credit: NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) A massive object shifts apparent position of a star LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Gravity Slows Time • Due to the orbital speed, clocks on the satellite lose 7 microseconds per day • Due to the weaker gravitational field, clocks on the satellite gain 45 microseconds per day • Satellite clocks gain a net of 38 microsecond per day • Distance error = c*38 microseconds; c = 186, 000 miles per second. • Without calibrating clocks to account for Relativity, GPS distance would be off by 7 miles after one day! See Scientific American, Sept. 1994 Illustration: NASA Clock_Photos: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cuckoo_clock LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Holes Simulation of a 10 Solar Mass Black Hole 600 km away, in front of the Milky Way. Image: Ute Kraus, physics education group (Kraus), Universität Hildesheim, Space Time Travel (http: //www. spacetimetravel. org/) LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Holes History • Dark Stars, John Michell 1784 (Also Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1796) • General Relativity, Einstein, 1915 • Spherically Symmetric Solution, Karl Schwarzschild, 1916 • Einstein-Rosen Bridge, 1935 http: //www. astrosociety. org/education/publications/tnl/2 4/24. html LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Schwarzschild Black Hole Karl Schwarzschild • Escape Velocity Object Schwarzschild Radius You 1 thousand, million, millionth the thickness of a human hair • Schwarzschild Earth Radius Sun LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Galaxy 1 cm (size of marble) 3 km (2 miles) ~ trillion miles

Einstein-Rosen Bridge Our Universe Another Universe? http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/times peak. html; Photo: Photodisc Imaging http: //www. astrosociety. org/education/publications/tnl/2 4/24. html LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Holes After 1960 • Kruskal-Szekeres Coordinates, 1960 Figure from http: //en. wikipedia. org; Author: Allen. Mc. C. • Wormholes, Wheeler and Fuller, 1962 • Black Holes, popularized by Wheeler, 1968 http: //www. astrosociety. org/education/publications/t nl/24/24. html • Penrose Process, 1969 • Black Hole Evaporation, Hawking, 1974 • Time Machines, Morris and Thorne, 1988 • BH Information Theory? Illustration: NASA LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Figure from http: //en. wikipedia. org; Author Benji 64 GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. 2

Falling Into A Black Hole Simulation of a 10 Solar Mass Black Hole 600 km away, in front of the Milky Way. Looking out 1. 5 km (in coordinate distance) from the Event Horizon. Images: Ute Kraus, physics education group (Kraus), Universität Hildesheim, Space Time Travel (http: //www. spacetimetravel. org/) LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Falling Into A Black Hole yrs 60 yrs Singularity hr s 20 yrs Black Hole 3. 5 Another Universe? White Hole Singularity LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 40 yrs - yrs

http: //www. astrosociety. org/education/publications/tnl/24/24. html Worm Holes Time Travel & All That? Figure: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Worm_hole; Author Benji 64 and originally uploaded to English Wikipedia (19: 08, 4 March 2006). Made in 3 D isis draw. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. 2 or any later version published LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. Subject to disclaimers.

Warp Drive? http: //www. physics. hku. hk/~tboyce/sf/topics/wormhole/wor mhole. html; Negative Energy, Wormholes and Warp Drive by Lawrence H. Ford and Thomas A. Roman Scientific American, January 2000 LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Stellar Collapse To Form A Black Hole Singularity LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Holes Detection http: //antwrp. gsfc. nasa. gov/apod/ap 060528. html; GRO J 1655 -40: Evidence for a Spinning Black LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W Hole; Drawing Credit: A. Hobart, CXC LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Hole Detection LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Hole Detection Credit: ESO PR Photo 23 c/02; ESO/European Organization for Astronomical Reseach in the Southern Hemisphere; Press Release 2002 = 3 million Solar Masses Conclusion: there is a Black Hole at the center of our Galaxy that has a mass 3 millions times (or more precisely 3. 95 million times) that of the Sun. S 2 orbits this Black LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Hole at a distance of 12000 Schwarzchild Radii.

Black Holes And LIGO Credit: Henze, NASA; http: //www. nasa. gov/vision/universe/starsgalaxies/gwave. html LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

The End LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Enter Einstein • Einstein, age 26, working at a Swiss Patent Office, published papers in 1905: §Sparked the quantum theory of light §Showed that atoms were real §Introduced a theory of space and time, called Special Relativity §Discovered E=mc 2. • Einstein worked 10 years to generalize Special Relativity and Newton’s Theory of Gravity, resulting in General Relativity. • Others contributed: Lorentz, Poincaré, Minkowski, Grossmann, Hilbert, … • Einstein revolutionized our concepts of space and time! LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Length Contraction http: //www. anu. edu. au/Physics/Searle/paper 2. html; Web page for "The Physicist" Paper "Visualising special relativity", C. M. Savage and A. C. Searle, The Physicist, vol. 36, pg. 141, July/August 1999. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

v t T Car 60 mph 1 day -. 35 nanoseconds Plane 600 mph 1 day – 35 nanoseconds Shuttle 17, 000 mph 1 day – 28 microseconds Voyager 38, 000 mph 1 day – 140 microseconds Andromeda 300, 000 mph 1 day – 8. 7 milliseconds Electrons 99% c 1 day 3. 4 hours The faster you go the slower time goes! Nothing can go faster than light! LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Photo: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC); Public Domain The Speed of Light c = 186, 000 miles/s = 670, 000 miles/hr

Gravitational Time Dilation Gravity slows time down! Photo: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lea ning_Tower_of_Pisa Clock_Photos: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wik LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 i/Cuckoo_clock

Einstein’s Key Idea, 1905 • Galileo & Newton: motion is relative; speeds are additive. • Newton thought light was made of particles. • Sound is a wave moving through the air or some material. The speed of sound (741 mph) is fixed to the rest frame of the air. We can catch sound. • By analogy, in 1905 light was thought to be a wave moving through the “aether”. Experiments could not measure the aether or detect changes in the speed of light due to relative motion. • Einstein: we cannot catch light; no experiment can detect absolute motion; there is no aether; the speed of light is the same for all observers. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Penrose Diagrams & Black Holes Schwarzschild Black Hole t= t = - LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W Figures: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Penrose_diagrams LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Equivalence Principle: Objects fall with the same acceleration in a gravitational field. There is an equivalence between gravity and acceleration. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Leaning_ Tower_of_Pisa http: //www. physics. fsu. edu/Courses/Sp ring 98/AST 3033/Relativity/General. Rel LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 ativity. htm

Tests Of General Relativity 1. Bending of starlight by the Sun 2. Shift of Mercury’s Perihelion by 43’’ per century Sun and Mercury Figures: http: //www. astro. cornell. edu/academics/courses/astro 201/ast ro 201. html; http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Leaning_ http: //www. astro. cornell. edu/academics/courses/astro 201/to Tower_of_Pisa pics. html; pages designed by Martha Haynes and Stirling Churchman LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 3. Gravitational Redshift of Light

Penrose Diagrams & Spacetime t= t = - LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Figure: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Penrose_diagrams

Popular: Further Reading Example LIGO Scientific Collaboration Papers: LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 Textbooks:

LIGO & Gravitational Waves Gravitational waves carry information about the spacetime around black holes & other sources. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

The Pythagorean Theorem Of Spacetime c 2 T 2 + v 2 t 2 = c 2 t 2 c 2 T 2 = c 2 t 2 - v 2 t t = 30 years; x = 29 lt-yrs. v = 96. 7% the speed of light T 2 = 302 – 292 = 59 yrs 2 T = 7. 7 years T 2 = t 2 - x 2 Pythagorean Thm. of Spacetime LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 x = 29 light-years Spacetime t = 30 years c = 1 light-year/year T c 2 T 2 = c 2 t 2 - x 2 x

E=mc 2 tum en m 2 c 4 t 2/ T 2 = m 2 c 4 + m 2 c 2 v 2 t 2/ T 2 om M m 2 c 4 t 2 = m 2 c 4 T 2 + m 2 c 2 v 2 t 2 ian on wt Ne c 2 t 2 = c 2 T 2 + v 2 t 2 [mc 2/(1 -v 2/c 2)1/2]2 = [mc 2]2 + [mv/(1 -v 2/c 2)1/2]2 c 2 [mc 2 + 1/2 mv 2] 2 = E 2 = [mc 2]2 + p 2 c 2 For v = 0: E = mc 2 Approximate to order v 2/c 2 == Newtonian Kinetic Energy LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Pythagorean Theorem and Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity d = infinitesimal change d. T 2 = gttdt 2 + gxxdx 2 d. T 2 = g dx dx In GR the components of a 4 x 4 symmetric matrix called the metric tensor define the curvature of spacetime. Einstein’s Field Equations LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Hole Formation: Supernovae Photo: Supernova 1987 A http: //www. aao. gov. au/images/captions/aat 050. html Anglo-Australian Observatory, photo by David Malin. LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Holes & Accretion Disks image by Dana Berry/NASA; NASA News Release posted July 2, 2003 on Spaceflight Now. http: //researchnews. osu. edu/archive/fuzzballpic. htm (Illustration: CXC/M. Weiss) LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1

Black Hole Detection http: //chandra. harvard. edu/photo/2004/rxj 1242/index. html; http: //chandra. harvard. edu/photo/2006/j 1655/; Credit: Illustration: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss; X-ray: Illustration: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss; X-ray Spectrum: NASA/CXC/MPE/S. Komossa et al. ; Optical: LIGO-Gnnnnnn-00 -W LIGO-G 0900422 -v 1 NASA/CXC/U. Michigan/J. Miller et al. ESO/MPE/S. Komossa