Journeys resilience Journeys Janet Williams In this third

Journeys resilience

Journeys Janet Williams

In this third Lecture Journeys Who makes them and why The nature of the (multiple) journeys The impacts of the journeys ◦ We will think about choices and dilemmas ◦ The impact of the journeys (workshops will provide more detail on mental) Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 3

Journeys People arriving and leaving this country. ◦ There are other nationalities in this country, who are they and why have they come here? ◦ Where do people from this country emigrate to, and why? Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 4

Top 5 countries of origin of people living in HK (2010 census) Philippines Indonesia UK India Thailand number % of total 143, 662 38. 9 54, 629 14. 8 25, 418 6. 9 16, 481 4. 5 14, 719 4. 0 All other countries 114, 646 Total 369, 627 31. 0 100 Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 5

Top Two Countries of Origin of the Foreign-Born Population Living in Hong Kong (2001) China Macau 2, 193, 425 70, 146 All other countries 439, 924 TOTAL 2, 703, 495 Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 81. 1% 2. 6% 16. 3% 100. 0 6

Major countries of destination of migrants from Hong Kong are: Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand United Kingdom United States. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 7

The reasons behind journeys can be complex and multiple Choosing to migrate may be the least worse option in a dilemma! Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 8

The people who make journeys include: Asylum seekers and Refugees Trafficked people (form of slavery – human trafficking) or smuggled Internally displaced persons (IDPs) Failed asylum seekers Legal and Illegal immigrants Economic migrants Resettled people Secondary migrants Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 9

(1) Diaspora From the Greek word meaning ‘scattering’. Used to describe a cultural group based in several/many countries outside their place of origin. Generally a term for mass migration of a cultural group, used particularly in post-colonial studies to denote the scattering of peoples away from their homelands under pressures such as colonisation, oppression or slavery. Initially used to refer to the Jewish community when exiled from Judea/ Palestine 587 BC Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 10

More recent examples of diaspora From Chile, after a military coup, in 1970 s to USA and Europe Kurds from Northern Iraq 1980 s: then Iraqi’s to N Iraq 2006 Burma (Karen tribes people) now escape to N. Thailand where they are accepted as refugees and later resettled in North America, Europe etc. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 11

Jewish diaspora Jews ◦ 587 BC expelled from Judea/Palestine ◦ 600 AD two branches, N Africa and Europe, especially Middle and E Europe ◦ C 16 from Spain North as Christians expelled Jews and Muslims ◦ 1930 s the rise of fascism and then the ‘Holocaust’ 1933 c. 9 million Jews in 21 European countries By 1945 two out of every three had been killed Many more had escaped to N America and UK ◦ Post 1948 – State of Israel – Jews from all over the world migrate to Israel but the Palestinians expelled from their homes ◦ 1967 Israel invaded Golan heights and made more Palestinians refugees (now living in the West Bank and in the Gaza strip) Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 12

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Africa African Diaspora – because of the ‘slave trade’. 1 Africans captured by African traders and taken to the coast to be sold to white slave traders 2 Slave traders exported captives to the Caribbean and Southern States of USA, Brazil. 3 After ‘abolition’ ex-slaves moved throughout USA, from the Caribbean to Canada etc. 4 Migration from the UK colonies , invited, to the UK in 1950 s ‘The Windrush’ to do low paid jobs 4 Are there parallels in the movement of people today? Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 14

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: These 2 examples illustrate: ◦ Multiple journeys over time (through history) ◦ The extent and distance of movement ◦ The significance of ‘homeland’, or lack of it, through claims of nationhood, history, race religion etc. And Significance of macro level and community level conflict resolution for SW ◦ Significance of culture maintaining it, adapting to the new, Wishing to be assimilated by losing the culture reclaiming it by the next generation Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 17

Journeys by ASYLUM SEEKERS Someone who is fleeing persecution in their homeland, has arrived in another country, made themselves known to the authorities and exercised their legal right to apply for asylum. They are waiting to hear if their claim is accepted REFUGEES Someone whose asylum application has been successful and who is allowed to stay in another country having proved they would face persecution back home. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 18

Who is a refugee? Article 1, The UN 1951 Convention gives the definition generally used. see end of presentation. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 19

However: The term ‘refugee’ is a very specific definition covering only people who have fled their homeland sought sanctuary in a second country. There are millions of others, in similar desperate circumstances, who do not legally qualify as refugees and are therefore not eligible for relief or protection. Increasingly, UNHCR provides assistance to some of these groups, including asylum seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees and those in need of temporary or humanitarian protection. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 20

Internally Displaced People “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes, or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of, or in order to avoid: ◦ the effects of armed conflict, ◦ situations of generalised violence, ◦ violations of human rights or ◦ natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. ” (Definition in the “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement”) Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 21

IDPs now outnumber refugees around the world, and although their humanitarian needs are often just as compelling, providing protection is complicated by issues such as sovereignty. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 22

Where do refugees go? Most refugees in the world are looked after by less economically developed countries. The global north (richer countries of the world) do not take the majority of people. IMPACT -This puts a huge strain on economically poor countries. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 23

MAIN AFRICAN REFUGEE-HOSTING COUNTRIES January – June 2001 TANZANIA* : 900, 000 GUINEA SUDAN** DRC BURUNDI : 318, 000 ZAMBIA : 260, 000 KENYA : 220, 000 * Includes 560, 000 unassisted Burundi refugees living in settlements and Tanzanian villages. ** Before Darfur : 502, 000 : 415, 000 : 330, 000 Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 24

Who are the refugees? Women comprise about half of the population of concern to the UNHCR Refugee children under the age of 18 constitute 56% of all refugees in Africa. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 25

Journeys FAILED ASYLUM SEEKER Someone whose asylum application has been turned down and is awaiting return to their country. If it is not safe for refused asylum seekers to return, they may have to stay illegally. ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT Someone who has arrived in another country, intentionally not made themselves known to the authorities and has no legal basis for being there. Some may have paid huge sums of money to be smuggled into another country ECONOMIC MIGRANT Someone who has moved to another country to work. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 26

Child Migrants from the UK Between 1922 and 1967 about 150 000 children with an average of eight years and nine months were shipped from Great Britain to help populate the British Dominions of Canada, Rhodesia, New Zealand Australia with 'good white stock'. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 27

Success stories There are countless stories of ways in which refugees and migrants have succeeded against the odds This requires socially inclusive policies, tolerance, the right to work and to maintain cultural traditions Refugees do best if they are able to use existing skills and helped to develop new ones. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 28

Journeys - Trafficking Human trafficking is the movement of people by means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. The UN describes trafficking as a form of "slavery". It knows of victims from 127 countries and of their exploitation in 137. Major destinations for victims include wealthy countries in Western Europe, North America, and the Middle East. Women are involved in 77% of trafficking cases worldwide, with sexual exploitation a factor in 87%. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 29

How does it work? Women – given false promises of employment and are later coerced into prostitution or forced labour. ◦ Often kept imprisoned (use of force) ◦ identity documents taken and ‘illegal status’ ◦ told to mistrust the police Children may be recruited by traffickers who promise their parents that their children can send remittances back home. parents are unable to feed and care for their children Children not valued: girls even less CHOICES? Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 30

Human trafficking On the map that follows we can see the impact of poverty Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 31

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Numbers involved in Human Trafficking It is estimated that: 2. 5 million people are in forced labour (including sexual exploitation) at any given time Of these: ◦ 1. 4 million – 56% - are in Asia and the Pacific ◦ 250, 000 – 10% - are in Latin America and the Caribbean ◦ 230, 000 – 9. 2% - are in the Middle East and Northern Africa ◦ 130, 000 – 5. 2% - are in sub-Saharan countries ◦ 270, 000 – 10. 8% - are in industrialized countries etc. . Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 33

Victims: ◦ IT is estimated that: ◦ The majority of victims are between 18 and 24 years of age ◦ An estimated 1. 2 million children are trafficked each year ◦ 95% of victims experienced physical or sexual violence during trafficking ◦ 43% of victims are used forced commercial sexual exploitation, of whom 98 per cent are women and girls ◦ 32% of victims are used forced economic exploitation, of whom 56 per cent are women and girls ◦ Many trafficking victims have at least middle-level education Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 34

The Profits (2005) Estimated global annual profits made from the exploitation of all trafficked forced labour are US$ 31. 6 billion Of this: US$ 15. 5 billion – 49% - is generated in industrialized economies US$ 9. 7 billion – 30. 6% is generated in Asia and the Pacific Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 35

The traffickers 52% of those recruiting victims are men, 42% are women In 54% of cases the recruiter was a stranger to the victim, 46% of cases the recruiter was known to victim The majority of suspects involved in the trafficking process are nationals of the country where the trafficking process is occurring Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 36

People’s Republic of China A source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking; the majority of which is internal trafficking. As a source Chinese women and children are trafficked for sexual and labour exploitation in Malaysia, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Europe, Canada, Japan, Italy, Burma, Singapore, South Africa, and Taiwan. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 37

China In poorer areas, most trafficked women are sold as wives to old and disabled unmarried men. In richer areas, most trafficked women are sold to commercial sex businesses, hair salons, massage parlours and bathhouses. Chinese children are also kidnapped and sold for adoption. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 38

China as a transit country China is a transit country for trafficked victims destined to Thailand Malaysia for commercial sexual exploitation, forced marriage, illegal adoption, begging, and forced labour. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 39

China as a destination Women and children are trafficked from Mongolia, Burma, North Korea, Russia, Vietnam, Ukraine and Laos for sexual and labour exploitation. Most women and girls are trafficked from North Korea, Vietnam, Russia, and Burma. No reliable estimates on the number of trafficking victims in China. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 40

Destination cont. Many North Koreans voluntarily migrate to work in China but are later coerced into exploitative conditions. North Korean women reportedly were sold for approximately $380 to $1, 260 (RMB 3, 040 to 10, 080). Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 41

Internal Trafficking in China has a significant amount of internal trafficking of children for sexual and labour exploitation. Estimates range from 10, 000 to 20, 000 each year. International organisations report that 90% victims are women and children, trafficked primarily from Anhui, Henan, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou Provinces to prosperous provinces along the east coast. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 42

Suggested Causes of trafficking in China Widening income gap between East Coast and rural areas producing mass migration to the East coast including many single men Mass migration creating opportunities for traffickers to lure women and girls who often migrate at lower ages, and education than men. Migrants have no rights to services, only in their home region Gender gap, i. e. a shortage of marriageable women fuelled the demand for abducted women, especially in rural areas. poor rural residents in remote areas lack legal knowledge and capacity to protect themselves. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 43

Hong Kong A transit and destination territory for human trafficking. Transit for illegal immigrants, some of whom become trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labour in their destination country. Destination for a small number of women and men who are trafficked from China, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Columbia for sexual exploitation and forced labour. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 44

Hong Kong Many women voluntarily migrate to work in Hong Kong but are later coerced into exploitative conditions. Estimates of international trafficking victims are modest. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 45

Action for victims Not to criminalise the ‘victims’ Repatriate if safe, no deportation Provide shelter and protection Provide awareness programmes Services for trafficked victims returning from abroad Increase vigilance as the problem continues to increase (in prostitution & among domestic servants) To sign up to international agreements about international co-operation Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 46

Criminalise: Human trafficking, Forced prostitution, forced marriage & abduction Commercial sexual exploitation for under 18 s Commercial sexual exploitation involving fraud & coercion Debt bondage Corrupt officials who are complicit in finding victims and hiding them Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 47

Summary In this session we have considered the reasons why people make journeys We can see that some journeys are made because of a combination of ‘push’ and pull factors and we can see that often people feel that they have no choice but to migrate (dilemma) Women and children are particularly vulnerable to exploitation Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 48

Appendices The following slides contain: ◦ Definitions ◦ Web addresses Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 49

More definitions A refugee is a person who "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country…“ Where refugees go: http: //pstalker. com/migration/index. htm Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 50

http: //www. humantrafficking. org/countries/china http: //www. guardian. co. uk/society/2009/may/05/ china-child-trafficking-heathrow The further exploitation of children (from Fujian) who have been smuggled into the UK by gangs, have been intercepted by the Border and Immigration Agency before they were exploited in prostitution or the drugs trade. They then disappear and are recaptured by the smugglers/traffickers. Global Issues in Social Work Practice ACES PROJECT 51