JOINTS Joint Fundamentals Copyright 2006 Pearson Education Inc

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JOINTS Joint Fundamentals Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

JOINTS Joint Fundamentals Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Joints (Articulations) § Weakest parts of the skeleton § Articulation – site where two

Joints (Articulations) § Weakest parts of the skeleton § Articulation – site where two or more bones meet § Functions of joints § Give the skeleton mobility § Hold the skeleton together Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints: Structural § § Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones

Classification of Joints: Structural § § Structural classification focuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present The three structural classifications are: § Fibrous § Cartilaginous § Synovial Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints: Functional § § Functional classification is based on the amount of

Classification of Joints: Functional § § Functional classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint The three functional classes of joints are: § Synarthroses – immovable § Amphiarthroses – slightly movable § Diarthroses – freely movable Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous Structural Joints § The bones are joined by dense, connective fibrous tissues §

Fibrous Structural Joints § The bones are joined by dense, connective fibrous tissues § There is no joint cavity § Most are immovable § There are three types – sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures § § Occur between the bones of the skull Comprised

Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures § § Occur between the bones of the skull Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin

Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 1 a

Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses § § § Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue

Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses § § § Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin

Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 1 b

Review 1. Name two functions of joints. 2. Name three structural classification of joints.

Review 1. Name two functions of joints. 2. Name three structural classification of joints. 3. Name three functional classification of joints. 4. Name three types of fibrous joints. 5. 6. Where is the most prominent place to find suture joints. Name one example of Syndesmoses joint. Joint Fundamentals Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses § § The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and

Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses § § The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous Joints § Articulating bones are united by hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous Joints § Articulating bones are united by hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage § Lack a joint cavity § Two types – synchondroses and symphyses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses § A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses § A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones § Examples include: § § Epiphyseal plates of children Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 2 a, b

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses § § § Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses § § § Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 2 c

Synovial Joints § § Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by

Synovial Joints § § Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity Ends of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage and the ends are encapsulated by synovial fluid All are freely movable Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: General Structure § Synovial joints all have the following § Articular cartilage

Synovial Joints: General Structure § Synovial joints all have the following § Articular cartilage § Joint (synovial) cavity § Articular capsule § Synovial fluid § Reinforcing ligaments Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints: General Structure Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin

Synovial Joints: General Structure Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 3 a, b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 2.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 2. 1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 2.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 2. 2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 2.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 2. 3

Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints § § § A spherical or hemispherical head

Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints § § § A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints Examples: shoulder and hip joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ball-and-Socket Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Ball-and-Socket Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 7 f

Condyloid Joints § Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression

Condyloid Joints § Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another § Both articular surfaces are oval § Biaxial joints permit all angular motions § Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Condyloid Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Condyloid Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 7 d

Planar Joints § § One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar

Planar Joints § § One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Planar Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Planar Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 5 a

Hinge Joints § Hinge joints § Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a

Hinge Joints § Hinge joints § Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another § Motion is along a single plane § Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only § Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hinge Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Hinge Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 7 b

Pivot Joints § § § Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,

Pivot Joints § § § Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve, ” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another Only uniaxial movement allowed Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pivot Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Pivot Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 7 c

Saddle Joints § § § Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement Each

Saddle Joints § § § Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Saddle Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure

Saddle Joints Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8. 7 e