Joints Figure 8 1 Fibrous joints a Suture

Joints

Figure 8. 1 Fibrous joints. (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Suture line (b) Syndesmosis (c) Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Fibula Tibia Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Socket of alveolar process Root of tooth Dense fibrous connective tissue Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligament Periodontal ligament

Figure 8. 1 a Fibrous joints. (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Suture line Dense fibrous connective tissue Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 1 b Fibrous joints. (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. Fibula Tibia Ligament Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 1 c Fibrous joints. (c) Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket. Socket of alveolar process Root of tooth Periodontal ligament Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 2 Cartilaginous joints. (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Sternum (manubrium) Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) (b) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 2 a Cartilaginous joints. (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable)

Figure 8. 2 b Cartilaginous joints. (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 3 General structure of a synovial joint. Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous capsule Articular Synovial capsule membrane Periosteum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 8 a The knee joint. Femur Articular capsule Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 8 b The knee joint. Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament (b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 8 c The knee joint. Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Medial patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Patellar ligament Fibula Tibia (c) Anterior view of right knee Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 8 d The knee joint. Tendon of adductor magnus Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Popliteus muscle (cut) Tibial collateral ligament Tendon of semimembranosus muscle Femur Articular capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Bursa Fibular collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibia (d) Posterior view of the joint capsule, including ligaments Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 8 e The knee joint. Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Lateral condyle of femur Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Fibula Patella Quadriceps tendon (e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 8 f The knee joint. Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Patella (f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 4 a Bursae and tendon sheaths. Acromion of scapula Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Hyaline cartilage Humerus Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 4 b Bursae and tendon sheaths. Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. Humerus resting Humerus moving (b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8. 7 a Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c

Figure 8. 7 b Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c

Figure 8. 7 c Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c

Figure 8. 7 d Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c

Figure 8. 7 e Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c

Figure 8. 7 f Types of synovial joints. f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial c

Figure 8. 9 A common knee injury. Lateral Hockey puck Medial Patella (outline) Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.