JOINT OPERATIONS Bottom Line on Joint Operations The
JOINT OPERATIONS
Bottom Line on Joint Operations The USAF doesn’t operate alone. It takes all military services working together to successfully execute & win America’s wars
Failed Hostage Rescue Video
Overview • • The World Situation Describe Joint Operations History of Joint Warfare Joint Doctrine Range of Operations Types of Joint Operations Joint Warfare Values
World Situation • Regional instability • WMD proliferation • Transnational threats: ethnic/economic/health/crime • Military operations tempo • Force structure • Defense budget
Joint Operations • Joint Operation is described in Joint Publication 1 and 3 -0 as the integrated and synchronized application of all appropriate capabilities to achieve a unified effort. • Joint warfare is team warfare. • Contains two or more services. (From 2 or more Departments)
History of Joint Operations • Joint Warfare • Joint Doctrine
Joint Warfare • 1781: Battle of Yorktown – French Naval Blockade – American Ground Forces Lafayette Lord Cornwallis Washington
Joint Warfare • 1863: Battle of Vicksburg – Control of the Mississippi River – Teamwork: Navy, Marine, and Army Assault – 45 -Day Siege
Joint Warfare • 1944: Operation OVERLORD – Air Superiority – Sea Superiority – Special Operations
Joint Warfare • Operation OVERLORD (cont’d) – Leadership • Eisenhower – Complete autonomy – 6, 000 ships, 13, 000 aircraft, 250, 000 personnel from all branches • Von Runstedt – No autonomy – No control over armor, air defense, or coastal artillery
Joint Warfare “You may fly over a land forever; you may bomb it, atomize it, pulverize it and wipe it clean of life —but if you desire to defend it, protect it, and keep it for civilization, you must do this on the ground, the way the Roman legions did, by putting your young men into the mud. ” ~ T. R. Fehrenbach, This Kind of War
Joint Warfare • Afghanistan—Op ENDURING FREEDOM – A new kind of warfare—Network-centric – US Special Forces “composite” teams
Joint Doctrine • National Security Act of 1947 —Created: – National Military Establishment • • Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff Unified & Specified Commands The departments, Army, Navy, Air Force – National Security Council – Central Intelligence Agency
Joint Doctrine • Reorganization Act of 1958 – Defined the chain of command from the President to the services • President>Sec. Def>Unified CC>Component CC – Unified Commands increased their operational control (OPCON) of resources
Joint Doctrine • Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act of 1986 – Strengthened role of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) • CJCS became principal military advisor to the President and Sec. Def – Mandated Doctrine • Provides a common perspective from which to plan and operate • Shapes the way we think and train for war • Not a checklist that will guarantee military victory
Joint Doctrine • Goldwater-Nichols Act (cont’d) – Required officers to serve in a joint billet before promotion to flag rank – Two separate branches in the military chain of command • Operational • Administrative
Joint Organization President Administrative Operational --- Secretary of Defense --- CJCS* Unified Combatant Commander Service Secretary Military Departments Components Forces (not assigned to Combatant Commander) *CJCS has no operational control ---communication channel
Joint Doctrine • Goldwater-Nichols Act (cont’d) – Operational • Unified combatant commander in charge of all services/components • Component commanders responsible for their piece • Sometimes difficult to determine which service to use at a particular time and place
Joint Doctrine • Goldwater-Nichols Act (cont’d) – Administrative • Military departments responsible for all personnel within their service not assigned to the combatant commander • Separate and distinct from the branch that contains the operational command
Operational Branch President Simple Chain Secretary of Defense Unified Commander/Joint Forces Commander Land Maritime Air Special Ops
The Joint Campaign • Objective – Usually set by the President and Secretary of Defense – Unified Combatant Commander decides best way to accomplish objective
The Joint Campaign • Military Strengths – Each service brings unique strengths and weaknesses to the joint environment
Navy Conducts prompt and sustained operations at and from the sea
Marine Corps Conducts amphibious landings and ground operations
Army Conducts prompt and sustained land combat operations
Air Force Uses air and space power to exploit the aerospace environment
Joint Campaign The difficult task is determining which service to use at a particular time and place because each service brings unique strengths and weaknesses to the joint environment.
Joint Campaign • Joint Shopping List – Strategic Strike Capability • Air Force > Navy > Army and Marine Corps* – Guerrilla/Urban Warfare • Army > Marine Corps > Air Force and Navy* – Forced Entry • Marine Corps > Army > Air Force and Navy* – Control Ground • Army > Marine Corps > Navy and Air Force* * Services listed from most likely to least likely
How We Fight Video
Blackhawk Down
Range of Military Operations Stable Peace The Conflict Continuum Major War High MAJOR OPERATIONS AND CAMPAIGNS Relative Intensity and Level of Commitment CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS RESPONSE ENGAGEMENT, SECURITY COOPERATION, AND DETERRENCE Low Relative Frequency of Occurrence Wider = Occurs More Often Military operations vary in purpose, scale, risk, and intensity. They include relatively benign, routine, and recurring military activities during peacetime; specific combat and non-combat responses to contingencies and crises as they occur; and less frequent, large-scale combat operations typical of wartime conditions. (Adapted from JP 3 -0)
Natural Part of War Escalation De-Escalation Desert Shield Northern and Southern Watch TIME Crisis response/Engagement/Major operation/Deterrence/Contingency
Types of Operations • • • Arms Control and Disarmament Combating Terrorism Counterdrug Operations Enforcement of Sanctions Freedom of Navigation
Types of Operations (cont’d) • • • Nation Assistance Protection of Shipping Show of Force Support to Insurgency Noncombat Evacuation Operation
Types of Operations (cont’d) • • • Peace Operations Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Recovery Operations Consequence Management Strikes and Raids
Types of Operations (cont’d) • Support to Homeland Security • Major Combat Operations – Offensive – Defensive – Stability
Joint Force Values • Integrity – Say what you mean &do what you say • Competence – Those you lead deserve no less • Physical Courage – You never know when… • Moral Courage – Always do what is right • Teamwork – Essential to Joint Operations
Summary • • The World Situation Described Joint Operations History of Joint Warfare Joint Doctrine Range of Operations Types of Joint Operations Joint Warfare Values
Tomorrow… HURRICANE RELIEF COLOMBIA VENEZUELA ECUADOR DAGESTAN KOSOVO WEST BANK AFGHANISTAN CHINA ALGERIA PAKISTAN TAIWAN INDIA YEMEN LIBERIA ERITHEA SRI LANKA NIGERIA SUDAN ZIMBABWE Where will you be? EAST TIMOR
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