Jody Culham Brain and Mind Institute Department of
Jody Culham Brain and Mind Institute Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario http: //www. fmri 4 newbies. com/ A Brief Intro to Cortical Neuroanatomy Last Update: November 29, 2008 Last Course, Louvain, Belgium, 2008
14 Major Sulci Main sulci are formed early in development Fissures are really deep sulci Typically continuous sulci • Interhemispheric fissure • Sylvian fissure • Parieto-occipital fissure • Collateral sulcus • Central sulcus • Calcarine Sulcus Typically discontinuous sulci • Superior frontal sulcus • Inferior frontal sulcus • Postcentral sulcus • Intraparietal sulcus • Superior temporal sulcus • Inferior temporal sulcus • Cingulate sulcus • Precentral sulcus Other minor sulci are much less reliable Source: Ono, 1990
Interhemispheric Fissure -hugely deep (down to corpus callosum) -divides brain into 2 hemispheres
Sylvian Fissure -hugely deep -mostly horizontal -insula (purple) is buried within it -separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes Sylvian Fissure
Parieto-occipital Fissure and Calcarine Sulcus Parieto-occipital fissure (red) -very deep -often Y-shaped from sagittal view, X-shaped in horizontal and coronal views Calcarine sulcus (blue) -contains V 1 Cuneus (pink) -visual areas on medial side above calcarine (lower visual field) Lingual gyrus (yellow) -visual areas on medial side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus (upper visual field)
Collateral Sulcus -divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal (green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink)
Cingulate Sulcus -divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold)
Central, Postcentral and Precentral Sulci Central Sulcus (red) -usually freestanding (no intersections) -just anterior to ascending cingulate Postcentral Sulcus (red) -often in two parts (superior and inferior) -often intersects with intraparietal sulcus -marks posterior end of postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip, purple) Precentral Sulcus (red) -often in two parts (superior and inferior) -intersects with superior frontal sulcus (Tjunction) -marks anterior end of precentral gyrus (motor strip, yellow)
Intraparietal Sulcus -anterior end usually intersects with inferior postcentral (some texts call inferior postcentral the ascending intraparietal sulcus) -posterior end usually forms a T-junction with the transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to the parieto-occipital fissure) -IPS divides the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus, gold, and supramarginal gyrus, lime) POF
Slice Views inverted omega = hand area of motor cortex
Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci Superior Temporal Sulcus (red) -divides superior temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus (lime) Inferior Temporal Sulcus (blue) -not usually very continuous -divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)
Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci Superior Frontal Sulcus (red) -divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus (pink) Inferior Frontal Sulcus (blue) -divides middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus (gold) orbital gyrus (green) and frontal pole (gray) also shown Frontal Eye fields lie at this junction
Medial Frontal -superior frontal gyrus continues on medial side -frontal pole (gray) and orbital gyrus (green) also shown
Learning More Anatomy Duvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy • beautiful pictures • good schematic diagrams Wanna get rich? Publish a brain atlas. • clear anatomy Sheesh, these are expensive! • slices of real brain • Springer, US$326 Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci • great for showing intersubject variability • gives probabilities of configurations and stats on sulci • Theime, US$199 Damasio, 1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images • good for showing sulci across wide range of slice planes • really crappy reconstructions in first edition • second edition available April 2005 with new images • Oxford University Press, US$125 Tamraz & Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI with Functional Correlations • good overview • Springer, US$203 Talairach & Tournoux, 1988. Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain • just because it’s the standard doesn’t mean it’s good (see also PC vs. Mac, VHS vs. betamax) • Theime, US$240
EXTRA SLIDES
Anatomical and Functional Neuroanatomy Images from Brain Voyager Brain Tutor (Freeware)
Cortical Neuroanatomy Carpenter, 1991, Core Text of Neuroanatomy Why is so little attention paid to the cortex in traditional neuroanatomy?
Brain Tutor • Freeware interactive tutorial available from – http: //www. brainvoyager. com/
UNDER CONSTRUCTION • I’m still working on the “areas” slides and they are admittedly on the lame side, especially for temporal, frontal and subcortical areas • Suggestions/images welcome
Sensory Areas Van Essen
Early Visual Areas
Category-Specific Visual Areas objects faces Malach, 2002, TICS places • • – place-selective – places > (objects and faces) Lateral Occipital (LO) – object-selective – objects > (faces & scenes) Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) • Fusiform Face Area (FFA) – face-selective – faces > (objects & scenes)
Social Stimuli Extrastriate Body Area Data from Downing, 2001, Science Data from Astafiev et al. , 2005, Nature Neuroscience Allison, Puce & Mc. Carthy, 2000, TICS
Motion-Selective Areas Watson et al. , 1993, Cerebral Cortex MT+ or V 5 motion complex Sunaert et al. , 1999, Exp Brain Res
Parietal Cortex Simon et al. , 2002, Neuron
Attention Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN Frontal Eye Fields Corbetta et al. , 1998, PNAS Parietal Eye Fields
Working Memory Data: Duncan & Owen, 2000, TICS Figure: Huettel, Song & Mc. Carthy • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (near inferior frontal sulcus, IFS) • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (above Sylvian fissure, SF) • anterior cingulate cortex
Language Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN
Memory Encoding hippocampus Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN
Emotion • amygdala
Motor Regions Hand area of Motor Cortex Yousry et al, 1997, Brain Supplementary Motor Area Premotor Cortex Picard & Strick, 2001, CONB
- Slides: 31