JFK The New Frontier Text of Inaugural Address

JFK & The New Frontier

Text of Inaugural Address

The Promise of Progress • New Frontier 1. Kennedy’s domestic policy 2. Increase aid to education (science/space) 3. Health insurance to the elderly 4. Battle prejudice & poverty 5. Help migrant workers • JFK could not get New Frontier passed 1. Southern Democrats in Congress did not agree with JFK stance on Civil Rights 2. JFK lacked a mandate - clear indication voters approved

Stimulating the Economy • Deficit Spending (Same as FDRNew Deal) 1. 20% budget increase in DOD (Department of Defense) 2. Minimum Wage: $1. 25 3. Unemployment Insurance - Assistance to cities w/ high unemployment

Addressing Poverty • Kennedy created the Peace Corps 1. Assistance to developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America - critics called it “Kennedy’s Kiddie Korps” 2. By 1968: 35, 000 served in 60 nations 3. Alliance for Progress: economic help to Latin America - By 1969: $12 billion invested

Race to the Moon 1. April 12, 1961: Yuri Gagarin– 1 st to space 2. 1 st American: Allan Sheppard 3. NASA: Cape Canaveral (Fl. ) – Houston (TX) 4. Feb. 20, 1962: John Glenn – orbited earth 3 times 5. July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong – moon 6. Result of space program – better education and technology

Tragedy in Dallas 1. Nov. 22, 1963 2. Texas School Book Depository 3. JFK shot in the head - Lee Harvey Oswald 4. Nov. 24: Oswald shot by Jack Ruby 5. Warren Commission concluded Oswald was acting on his own 6. 1979: Oswald was part of conspiracy

War on Poverty l Economic Opportunity Act l To give $1 billion for l Youth programs l Job Training l Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) l Volunteers to help the poor in US l Head Start: education program for underprivileged kids This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

1964 Election • LBJ vs. Goldwater – Goldwater said government should stay out of our lives – Said would use Nukes in Cuba and Vietnam – LBJ said Goldwater gave no real solution • LBJ won 61% of vote This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Education l The key to being the “Great Society” l To help solve the problems plaguing America society l Gave $1 billion dollars to help schools be able to purchase texts and library materials

Healthcare • Medicare – Gives low cost health insurance to people 65 or older • Medicaid – Gives low cost insurance to welfare recipients

A New Cabinet Post: HUD l Congress gave money to build low- rent housing l Established the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to supervise this This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

The Warren Court • Most liberal reform court in history • Brown v. Board of Education - Desegregation • Baker v. Carr (1962) – Courts can tell states to redraw district lines for more equal representation - known as reapportionment – “One person, one vote”

Warren Court: Rights of the Accused l Mapp v. Ohio (1961) l Evidence seized illegally can’t be used in court l Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) l Criminal courts MUST provide lawyers to those who cant afford it l Escobedo v. Illinois l During questioning you MUST have a lawyer l Miranda v. Arizona l Suspects must be read rights before questioning

Legacy of the Great Society • Number of poor dropped from 21% to 11% in 1973 • HUGE extension of Federal power • Activist attitude in all 3 branches in government This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Richard M. Nixon • • • New Federalism Southern Strategy Stagflation OPEC Foreign Policy Watergate

New Federalism • Reduce government responsibilities from Great Society • Expand Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid • Took away money from health, housing, and education programs

Southern Strategy • Attract southerners unhappy about desegregation • Tried to slow down desegregating schools Swann v. Charlotte Meck. Board of Ed. • Appointed 4 justices to Supreme Court with conservative agenda

Stagflation • Stagflation = high inflation & high unemployment too much govt. spending on Great Society & Vietnam War • Nixon froze business prices and wages for 90 days

• • OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Made up of Middle East countries Refused to ship oil to U. S. Why? U. S. supports Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria • After war, oil was 4 times higher than what it was

Foreign Policy • Realpolitik foreign policy decision based on a country’s power not morals came from Henry Kissinger (Sec. of State) • Détente negotiating with communists • Nixon visits China to ease tensions • SALT I Treaty with Soviets limits ICBM’s Nixon first president to

Video Clip: Frost Nixon

Watergate • Nixon insecure & secretive confided only to a select group of people (inner circle: H. R. Haldeman-John Ehrlichman-John Mitchell-John Dean) tape recorded his conversations in the Oval Office • June 17, 1972: 5 men caught breaking into Democratic HQ at the Watergate Hotel

Watergate • Woodward and Bernstein were two reporters from Washington Post that uncovered evidence linking burglary to White House • VP Spiro Agnew resigned because a grand jury indicted him for accepting bribes while being governor of Maryland • Gerald Ford becomes new VP

Watergate • 1974: Nixon releases edited tapes of conversations in Oval Office. • US v. Nixon: Supreme Court orders him to give up the unedited tapes • Nixon came on TV saying “I am not a crook” • July 27: House of Representatives impeach Nixon • August 8 th: Nixon resigns but admitted no guilt • American people view image of presidency

Nixon Farewell

Gerald R. Ford • • • Ending Watergate Troubled Economy Hostile Congress Cold War Tensions Southeast Asia Assassination Attempts

Ending Watergate • Ford only Vice-President and President never elected • September 8, 1974: Ford issues Proclamation 4311 giving Nixon a full and unconditional pardon • Believed pardon was in the best interest of the nation • Critics said a “corrupt bargain” had been struck • At the same time, he announced a conditional

The Economy & Hostile Congress • WIN= Whip Inflation Now • Asked Americans to reduce their spending and consumption of gas • OPEC raised the cost of gas • He tried to cut government spending • Triggered worst economic recession in 40 years • Battled Democratic Congress - vetoed 50+ pieces of legislation

Cold War Tensions • Continues negotiations with Soviet Union and China • 1975: Helsinki Accords 35 nations promised cooperation between Eastern and Western Europe

Southeast Asia • April 29, 1975: Fall of Saigon 1, 373 U. S. citizens evacuated 5, 595 Vietnamese evacuated • Communist Cambodia seized U. S. ship Ford responds w/ massive show of military force • Panmunjon: village in middle of DMZ (Koreas) North Korea attacks and kills two U. S. officers who were trimming a tree in joint occupation area Ford sends in B-52 bomber and North Korea backs down and offers an apology

Assassination Attempts • September 5 th, 1975 (Sacramento) Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme follower of Charles Manson she pulled a Colt 45 handgun and pulled the trigger but Secret Service Agent grabs gun… no round in firing chamber sentenced to life in prison but paroled August 14, 2009 • September 22, 1975 (San Francisco) Sara Jane Moore 38 caliber revolver former Marine, Oliver Sipple grabbed gun and deflected shot sentenced to life in prison

James Earl Carter • Election of 1976 Ford vs. Jimmy Carter: former governor of GA Outsider to D. C. politics • Carter promised not to tell a lie to American people • Carter wins • Alienated Congress because he refused to play “insider” deal making both parties worked together to block his policies

Energy Crisis • Most important issue - Carter believed U. S. relied too much on foreign oil - 100 proposals on energy conservation - National Energy Act (1978): tax on gas guzzling cars and tax credit for alternative energy

Human Rights & Cold War Tension • Cut off relations with countries who imprisoned and tortured citizens Argentina and Brazil put on that list • Relations with Soviet Union sour because Soviet Union invades Afghanistan and Carter refuses to sign SALT II to limit nuclear arms U. S. boycotts 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow U. S. secretly arm Afghan rebels to fight Soviets (Osama

Boycotting Olympic Games

Panama Canal • U. S. owned Panama Canal since 1914 Theodore Roosevelt’s greatest foreign policy achievement (Big Stick Diplomacy) • Panamanians resented U. S. occupation • 1977 : U. S. agreed to turn over canal on December 31, 1999 • Result: Improved relations with U. S. and Latin America

Camp David Accords • Carter invites Prime Ministers of Egypt and Israel to Camp David Anwar Sadat (Egypt) Menachem Begin (Israel) • Signed a Peace Agreement Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula which it got after 6 Day War in 1967 Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist

Iran Hostage Crisis • Jan. 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini led rebels to overthrow corrupt Shah of Iran U. S. supported the Shah • U. S. let Shah into U. S. for cancer treatment • Nov. 4, 1979 Armed students take over U. S. embassy in Tehran… hold 52 Americans for 444 days