Jews in Interwar Hungary Hungary 1867 autonomy Trianon

Hungary • • • 1867 – autonomy Trianon Treaty – lost 70% of its

Historical Context • Acculturation, assimilation : „Hungarians of Mosaic faith“ • Jews supported by

Historical context • 1868 – Neology – Orthodoxy – „Status quo“ • Jews as

Historical Context • Jews= industrial and business bourgeoisie – their children intellectuals and scientists

The End of Old Order • Jews present in Karolyi´s and Bela Kun´s government

Demography, Status, Culture • Budapest – 23% of the city population – 45% of

The New Hungary • 1932 Gömbös • Before Gömbös – Numerus clausus in the

Jewish Politics • Neolog x orthodox • Zionism only after Nov. 1938 • Rich

Hungarian- Jewish Relation in the 1930´s • • Radical right Hungarian Germans Nazi influenced

1930´s • 1935 - Arrow Cross Party – extreme right • 1938 – 1

The War Years • 1944 Horthy to Hitler: „I prefer to solve the Jewish

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Jews in Interwar Hungary

Hungary • • • 1867 – autonomy Trianon Treaty – lost 70% of its territory 60% of its population Nation-state Social revolution – 1) Karolyi – 2) Bela Kun

Historical Context • Acculturation, assimilation : „Hungarians of Mosaic faith“ • Jews supported by NOBILITY – Medium of – magyrization – - economic modernization • Westjuden – esp. Budapest • Magyrization of Jewish names

Historical context • 1868 – Neology – Orthodoxy – „Status quo“ • Jews as a RELIGIOUS GROUP

Historical Context • Jews= industrial and business bourgeoisie – their children intellectuals and scientists (orientation towards the left) • „Judapest“ • conversions

The End of Old Order • Jews present in Karolyi´s and Bela Kun´s government • counterrevolution – Romanian military intervention • Horthy – white terror, 1919 -21 – pogroms

Demography, Status, Culture • Budapest – 23% of the city population – 45% of Hungarian Jews • 65% neologs • Middle class: trade, industry, liberal professions

The New Hungary • 1932 Gömbös • Before Gömbös – Numerus clausus in the universities – JEWS AS NATIONALITY

Jewish Politics • Neolog x orthodox • Zionism only after Nov. 1938 • Rich neolog leadership from Budapest politics of Hungarian nationalism

Hungarian- Jewish Relation in the 1930´s • • Radical right Hungarian Germans Nazi influenced army 1932 – Gyula GÖMBÖS PRIME MINISTER – Alliance with Hitler – hoped in revision of Trianon

1930´s • 1935 - Arrow Cross Party – extreme right • 1938 – 1 st Viennesa Award (after Munich agreement) – May – 1 st Jewish law – Late – 2 nd Jewish law è Emigration è New conversions è Zionist youth

The War Years • 1944 Horthy to Hitler: „I prefer to solve the Jewish question without having a recourse to brutal and inhumane methods. “ • 1942 Horthy appoints Miklos KALLAY as Prime Minister • March 1944 – German ocupation – May 5 - June 7: 300 000 Jews sent to death camps – Oct: Arrow Cross Party in control pogroms, death marches