Jeopardy Rules Teams Raise your hand to be

Jeopardy Rules Teams: Raise your hand to be called upon. Each team takes turns, alternating between teams. The same person can not answer twice in a row. • Everyone keeps their own score on the score sheet provided. • Click on the Star at the bottom right corner for Double Jeopardy. 1

Ecology 3

Populations 4

Global Warming 5

Soil 6

Parks, Agriculture , Fishery, Forest 7

Human Interactions 8

$100 $200 $200 $100 $200 $300 $300 $400 $400 $500 $500 9

Living & nonliving components of an ecosystem. 10

Biotic / Abiotic : 11

Only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (2 nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. 12

Energy flow in food webs: Trophic levels • Keystone Species • Indicator Species 13

A large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals. Name 4 out of the 8 14

BIOME 15

Three Forms of Symbiosis and the form shown below 16

Mutualism , Commensalism, Parasitism 17

Development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava) & Life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire) 18

Primary Succession & Secondary Succession 19

The number of individuals that can be sustained in an area. 20

Carrying Capacity Limiting Factors Overshoot Exponential Growth 21

Strategist: that reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring. 22

R strategist: Insects, fish, frogs Short lives High bio potential High reproductive rate Rely on instinct K strategist: Elephants, humans, cougar Low biotic potential Rely on learning Long gestation Lower population growth 23

The name of the 3 Age structure diagrams shown. 24

1. 1 st & 2 nd most populated countries: 2. World Population: 3. US Population: 4. Most important thing affecting population growth. Answer any 3 of the 4 above. 26

1. China & India 2. 6. 5 Billion 3. 300 Million 4. Low status of woman * Rule of 70 70 divided by the percent growth rate Ex: 70/2%=35 years 27

Name any 3 of the 4 below. 1. 2. 3. 4 28

Preindustrial : Transitional : Industrial : . Postindustrial : 29

Greenhouse gases: Name 3 of the 6 30

(Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, O 3, methane (CH 4), Nitous oxide (NO 2) & CFC’s) (EFFECT: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm 31

The two major productions of CO 2 ( Green House Gas) 32

Industry & Transportation Carbon oxides: (Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O 2. CO 2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit) 33

Three effects of global warming are: 34

Rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions, melting of the polar ice caps. 35

Largest reservoirs of Carbon- CO 2 37

# 1 Carbonate Rocks (sediments) # 2 Oceans 38

Protocals: 1. Controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries 2. Phase out of ozone deleting substances 39

Kyoto , Japan & Global Warming CFC”S Montreal, Canada 40

The Best Soil Type – 40% silt, 40 % sand & 20 % clay. 41

LOAM By particle size- smallest to largest. (Clay-Silt-Sand) 42

In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. & Degradation of land in arid and dry subhumid areas, resulting primarily from anthropogenic , natural activities and influenced by climatic variations. 43

Salinization Water logging Desertification 44

Solutions to soil problems: Name 3 ways to prevent soil degradation. 45

Conservation tillage, Crop rotation, Cover Crops Contour plowing, Terracing, Wind Breaks, Alley Cropping , Organic fertilizers 46

Soil Profile Name the profile layers below. 47

Leaf Litter Top Soil / Humus Subsoil Bedrock/ Parent Material 48

TWO- Parts Part 1 - ______ Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945. Part 2. One of the two acts created to prevent soil degradation. 49

Green Revolution 1935 Soil Erosion Act 1977 Soil & Water Conservation Act 50

The logging and burning of trees in a forested area. List two reasons for doing so: 51

Deforestation Charcoal Lumber Pastures Plantations- Cash Crops Human Settlement. Loss of carbon dioxide (CO 2) up take and when tree rot they produce CO 2 * Soil erosion * Silting of water courses, lakes and dams. * Extinction of species 52 * Desertification

Forestry Method of tree harvesting. 1. Name two 2. The best & worst. 53

Selective Cutting: Clear Cutting: Strip Cutting Shelter wood Cutting: Seed Tree Cutting 54

Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started (NEPA) - 1970 55

National Environmental Policy Act: Multiple uses US public land: National Forest & National Resource lands Moderately restricted use land: National Wildlife Refuges Restricted Use lands: National Parks, National Wilderness Preservation System (Sanctuaries) 56

As lakes become more nutrient rich from run off of fertilizers and detergents which add nitrogen and phosphorus to the lakes a process called _______ may occur. 57

Eutrophication 58

FISHERY - The BLUE REVOLUTION 1. Three Forms of Fishing. 2. Creatures caught unintentionally. 3. One law that protects Marine Life. 60

1. Long line, Drift “gill” net, Sonar, Trawlers, Purse seine. 2. By Catch 3. Magnuson Fishery Act- Over fishiing, ESA, CITES. 61

Along with population , _____ , (abundance of property) , technology and underlying sociopolitical factors are underlying factors that affect the environment. 62

Affluence Examples of diseases of affluence include: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, obesity, certain forms of cancer, asthma, alcoholism, depression. 63

The meaning of the following two acronyms in reference to land development. NIMBY & BANANA 64

NIMBY (not in my backyard) BANANA Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything (or Anyone) 65

Environmental World Views Which world view is represented by this view? “Most important species but should care for the rest of nature” Planetary Management Stewardship Environmental Wisdom 66

Planetary Management- we are in charge of nature. Stewardship- care for nature. Environmental Wisdom – nature exist for all species. 67

___________ Ecology is the science of inventing, establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work or play. * changing for the better a relationship 68

Reconciliation Ecology Conservation: allows the use of resources in a responsible manner. Preservation: setting aside areas & protecting them from human activities. Utilitarianism is the belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time. 69

A dilemma in which multiple individuals acting independently in their own self-interest can ultimately destroy a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long term interest for this to happen. * Give two examples of a “Global Common”. 70

The Tragedy of the Commons GARRET HARDIN Atmosphere & Oceans are used by all and owned by none. 71

Mining 74

Water/Treatment 75

Energy 76

Toxins 77

Pollution 78

MISCELLANEOUS 79

$200 $400 $400 $200 $400 $600 $600 $800 $800 $1000 $1000 80

ACT /LAW -requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land. (SMCRA) 81

Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act: 82

1. Type of mining that is cheaper & can remove more minerals, less hazardous to workers. 2. Give 2 examples 83

Surface Mining Examples. Strip Contour Strip Open pit Mountain top removal 84

Steps in coal formation: a. b. c. d. anthracite , peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite peat, , peat, bituminous. lignite, , anthracite peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite 85

d. peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite 86

ROCK CYCLE The three major types of rocks are 87

After ore is mined , the unusable part ( ______ ) that remains is placed in piles called _____. A. B. C. D. Waste , Overburden Spoil, Seam Waste Leachate , Tailings Spoil , Tailings

A. Spoil , Tailings Mine tailings often include sulfide compounds. ACID DRAINAGE 90

_______ % of water pollution in the US come from soil erosion, atmospheric deposition and * surface run off. 25 % , 33 % 55% , 75 % 91

75% 95% of water pollution in developing countries come from raw sewage. (high population growth without the money for treatment plants) 92

__________ Act : set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. . aim to make surface waters swimmable and fishable. 93

Clean Water Act 1. 5 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and 3 billion people lack good sanitation need to prevent communicable diseases from spreading. 94

Sources of Pollution • ________ pollution sources (e. g. , factories, sewage treatment plants, mines, oil wells, oil tankers) (* Identifiable) 95

Point Sources • Nonpoint sources (e. g. , acid deposition, substances picked up in runoff, seepage into groundwater) • Agriculture is largest source of water pollution in the U. S. (64% of pollutants into streams and 57% of pollutants entering lakes 96

GROUND WATER 1. Any water bearing layer in the ground. 2. Near the coast, over pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer. 97

Aquifer: Salt water intrusion: 98

The 3 major stages of Water Treatment Stage and Primary action. 99

Primary (mechanical process) – filters out debris through screens and by allowing it to settle out in a settling tank Secondary (biological process) – uses aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to remove organic wastes, includes: trickling filters, activated sludge process (where bacteria degrades wastes) Combined w/primary, get out: most suspended particles, oxygen demanding wastes, toxic metal compounds, and SOME phosphates and nitrates… Tertiary (chemical process) – very costly, uses membranes for: reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration After the last process, water is bleached w/chlorine to disinfect and then released… 100

An appliance operates at 120 volts and 10. 0 amps for 1 hour. How many watt hours does it use in that hour? ( Watt-hours = volts x amps x time ) (A) 1. 2 watt hours (B) 12 watt hours (C) 100 watt hours (D) 110 watt hours (E). 1200 watt hours 101

1 Watt = 1 J / sec (Watts = Joules/time) Watts (x) Time= k. Wh kilo=1000 If you see Kw-hr, that is a measure of ENERGY (if you want to convert JOULES to WATTS, you need to divide it by TIME) * Use exponential units when possible. 102

1. A Car that runs on gas and electricity. 2. The meaning of CAFÉ. 103

HYBRID Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards 104

Three Forms of Non-renewable energy sources. (Fossil Fuels) In order of World Wide consumption. 105

OIL-World reserves and global demand Saudi Arabia – 26% - MOST, then Iraq, Kuwait, Iran… 13 countries w/the most reserves make up OPEC – set prices (many are located in unstable areas of the world US uses the most – 26%, then Japan, then China. COAL- World reserves – US (biggest, 66%), then Russia, China have largest supply Global demand – world’s most abundant fossil fuel – 225 y at current rate. NATURAL GAS- “cleanest” World reserves – 42% in Russia and Kazakhstan, then Iran, Qatar. Global demand – 125 y of potential reserves 106

List 4 forms of Renewable Energy Sources. 107

Wind- fastest growing source of energy. Wind- Solar- Heat & Photovoltaic Geothermal- Heat from the earth. Hydroelectric-Dams, Tides, Waves Biofuels- Corn , Soy beans. Hydrogen Fuel Cells- “future” 108

In addition to CO 2, these are two of the main emissions from coalfired power plants. Answer: What are mercury, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates/smog? 109

Mercury, Hg Sulphur dioxide, SO 2 Nitrogen oxides NO 2 and Particulates/smog Bioaccumulation in. H 2 O. ACID RAIN 110

LD 50 111

The LD 50 is the dose that kills half (50%) of the animals tested (LD = "lethal dose"). 112

Name two alternatives / solutions other than pesticides to Control Pests 113

1. Crop rotation 2. Poly culture. 3. Planting trap crops 4. Genetically Resistant Plants 5. Using Natural Enemies to Help Control Pests: 6. Using Biopesticides to Control Pests 7. Insect Birth Control, Sex Attractants, and Hormones 8. Hot Water: The ‘Aqua Heat’ 9. Radiation: 10. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): 114

The name of the book and author written about DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane ) in 1962. 115

In 1962, Silent Spring by American biologist Rachel Carson * Cats in Borneo & DDT 116

What is one benefit and one risk of using pesticides. (+) (-) 117

Benefits: 1. Save human lives 2. Increase profits for farmers 3. Increase food supplies/lower cost 4. work faster/better than alternatives 5. when used properly/risks are less than benefits Risks: 1. Genetic resistance to pesticides **BIGGEST 2. Broad-spectrum insecticides also kill natural predators/parasites. 3. Pesticides don’t stay put. 4. Can threaten human health 118

FIFRA 119

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act – requires EPA approval for use of all commercial pesticides EPA sets tolerance level specifying amount of toxic pesticide that can remain on crops that people eat Banned: most chlorinated hydrocarbons, several carbamates /organophosphates 120

Term used to describe the following condition (s)- cities are warmer, rainier, foggier, cloudier than suburbs and rural areas b/c of heat generated by multiple pollutants (cars, factories, …) in the area. 121

HEAT ISLANDS 122

Which of the following is not a form of indoor air pollution? A) Asbestos B) Tobacco smoke C) Formaldehyde D) Radon E) Brown Air Smog 123

Many pollutant level are 2 -5 x higher inside than outside, leads to higher risk of cancer and costs $$ b/c of absenteeism, some main ones: -Asbestos (from pipe insulation, floor tiles) – can cause lung cancer -# 1 Tobacco smoke (from cigarettes) – can cause lung cancer -Formaldehyde (from furniture stuffing, insulation) – throat/lung irritation -Radon (from radioactive soil near foundation) – causes lung cancer -New Building syndrome – being in new buildings causes sickness b/c of reduced air exchange, chemicals from new carpets/furniture. 124

The 5 R’s of waste reduction. 125

Reduce Reuse Recycle Repurpose Refuse * Re-buy ? 126

Is the increase in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of eating at a higher trophic layer. Occurs within a trophic level, and is the increase in concentration of a substance in an individuals' tissues due to uptake from food and sediments in an aquatic milieu. FOOD 127

Biomagnification Minamata Disease: mental impairments caused by Bioaccumulation mercury 128

129

3 ways to dispose of MSW 130

Incineration Landfills Recycle Compost Exporting waste • The “TRASH NO ONE WANTED” from The Islip, L. I. 131

The name given to the environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites. 132

SUPERFUND CERCLA– Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act The Love Canal, New York 133

Which of the following means “trade off” – _______ banking is when destruction of existing wetland/land is allowed as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland/land is created or restored A) Preservation B) Restoration C) Remediation D) Mitigation 134

Mitigation Preservation – set aside land for protection – John Muir was an early leader of the preservationist movement he also founded the Sierra Club Remediation – similar to decontamination - removal or neutralization of chemical substances from a site to prevent any adverse effects Mitigation – (not always successful – but better than nothing) Restoration – trying to restore a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as close as possible to the predegraded state. 135

How many children should each woman have to do no more than replace herself and her mate (assuming one mate)? As a global average, she should have about 2. 1 children. Developing countries it is higher. The number is slightly higher than two to account for infant mortality. Reproduction at this level is called- (RFL) ______________ 136