JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Period 4 1800 1848 Think About

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Period 4 1800 -1848

Think About It } To what extent did Jefferson’s administration and ideology maintain continuity and foster change in American politics and economics from 1787 to 1812?

Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801 -1809) ◦ Plantation and slave owner from Virginia ◦ Statesman ◦ ◦ ◦ Declaration of Independence Governor Minister to France Secretary of State Vice-President ◦ Democratic-Republican ◦ Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists ◦ Kentucky Resolution } Inaugural Address } “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. . . We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. ” ◦ “Renaissance Man” ◦ Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist

What Jeffersonian Democracy? ◦ Republicanism and Civic Virtue ◦ Civic duty ◦ Voting and efficacy ◦ Right to education ◦ Natural Elites ◦ Resist corruption ◦ Federalism and States’ Rights ◦ ◦ Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification Strict constitutionalist Dominant legislature, weak judiciary Economic coercion over standing armies ◦ Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens ◦ Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue ◦ Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry ◦ Responsibility of subsistence ◦ Dependence led to class conflict ◦ Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy ◦ America’s responsibility to spread democracy ◦ Avoid entangling alliances ◦ Society ◦ ◦ Republican motherhood; absent from politics Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages) Black inferiority and white superiority Separation of Church and State

First Political Party System (1789 -1824) Alexander Hamilton ►Federalists ◦ ◦ ◦ National policies Strong central government Loose constructionists Commerce and manufacturing Urban The rich, the well-born, the able; merchants, bankers ◦ Pro-British ◦ Northeast Thomas Jefferson ►Democratic-Republicans ◦ ◦ ◦ States rights Strong local/state governments Strict constructionists Agricultural Rural Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans ◦ Anti-British ◦ West and South

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary ◦ Midnight Judges ◦ Judiciary Act of 1801 ◦ Adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments ◦ Marbury v. Madison (1803) ◦ Judicial review ◦ “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. ” – Chief Justice John Marshall

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803) ◦ Napoleon’s Plans ◦ Jefferson’s Plan ◦ Brokered a deal for $15 million ◦ Doubles the size of the United States ◦ Federalist opposition ◦ Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates ◦ Washington and Adams ◦ Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy ◦ Jefferson ◦ Barbary states increase bribes ◦ U. S. Navy and Marines dispatched ◦ Treaty reached in American favor

Jefferson and the Embargo Act ◦ Napoleonic Wars ◦ Britain vs France ◦ British and French impressment of Americans ◦ HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake ◦ Embargo Act of 1807 ◦ Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports foreign ports ◦ Economic impact on Americans

Election of 1808 ◦ James Madison (D-R) ◦ Charles Pinckney (F) ◦ Federalists gained congressional seats

James Madison (D-R) (1809 -1817) ◦ Napoleonic Wars ◦ Impressment continues ◦ Non-intercourse Act of 1809 ◦ Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) ◦ Western Frontier ◦ Alleged British influence on Natives ◦ Native wars ◦ War of 1812

Causes of the War of 1812 ◦ United States vs. Great Britain ◦ British impressment ◦ Alleged British influence in the western frontier ◦ War Hawks in Congress ◦ John C. Calhoun ◦ Henry Clay ◦ Opposition to War ◦ Federalists ◦ Old guard Dem-Reps ◦ New England merchants

War of 1812 - British Invasion ◦ Chesapeake Campaign ◦ Invasion of Washington D. C. ◦ Burning of the White House ◦ Fort Mc. Henry and Baltimore ◦ Star-Spangled Banner and Francis Scott Key

War of 1812 - Battles with Frontier Natives ◦ Tecumseh’s War ◦ Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) ◦ Battle of the Thames (1813) ◦ Creek War ◦ Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

War of 1812 - End of the War ◦ End of Napoleonic Wars ◦ Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) ◦ Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

Hartford Convention (1814) ◦ Platform ◦ Federal economic assistance for New England ◦ 2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, state admission, and declaration of war ◦ Rescind the Three-Fifths Compromise ◦ One-term president and no same -state successor ◦ Talk of secession by radicals ◦ After War of 1812 ◦ Perceived as traitors ◦ Effectively weakened as a national party

War of 1812’s Impact ◦ Growth of nationalism ◦ Ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings” ◦ Domestic industrial and manufacturing development ◦ Emphasis on national infrastructure ◦ Promotion of professional military ◦ International respect ◦ Natives significantly weakened ◦ Increased drive to expand west