Jean Piaget Schema Basic models Schema scheme The

§ Jean Piaget Schema: Basic models § Schema (“scheme”): The representation in the mind of a Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior coherent set of perceptions, ideas, and actions. ü Basic homeostatic device Ø adapt to new information and Ø ensure stability over time and context § The development of knowledge structures: Assimilation Accommodation Incorporate new experience into existing cognitive structures • Stereotypes • “Action schema” • “Response generalization” Modify cognitive structure to include new categories Social / Cognitive & affective models 1 • Attitude change • Verbal / experiential learning

Markus § “Self-schema” Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior § Consistent cognitive structure (“self-attitude”, beliefs about self & others § Primed by affective or contextual cues § Core mechanism for ü Filtering & interpreting social information about self & others ü Maintaining organized self-perception ü Lowers threshold for recognition & recall ü Lowers Rx time, errors § Central to recognition & response to health threat ü Unrealistic / unique optimism and pct. Vulnerability ü “Schema change” maintenance Social / Cognitive & affective models 2

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Fingerhut’s model Social / Cognitive & affective models 3

Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavioral intentions Actual behavior Behavioral standards Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Behavioral “Comparator” Self schema “Self-discrepancies” Social / Cognitive & affective models 4

Higgen’s self-discrepancy model Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Actual Ideal Ought Attributes that directly describe the self • Ongoing behavior / behavioral dispositions • Attitudes & beliefs • Affective states Attributes that represent your. . . • Hopes • Aspirations • Wishes Attributes that key others (reference group) believes you should posses. • Sense of duty • Obligations Social / Cognitive models 5 • & affective Responsibilities

Higgen’s self-discrepancy model Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Actual Own Ideal Other Own Standpoints: “internal” v. “external” Social / Cognitive & affective models 6 Other Ought Own Other

Higgen’s self-discrepancy model Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Actual Own Ideal Other Own Other Ought Own Other Basic “self-schema” or self-concept • Simple self-perception • Perception of other’s view of self “Self-guides”: Internal & external standards • Normative reference group: Norms x values term Motivations: Intrinsic Social / Cognitive & affective models 7 versus extrinsic

“Self-schemea” the basic cybernetic frame Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavioral intentions Actual behavior Behavioral standards Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Behavioral “Comparator” “Ideal” self “Actual” self “Ought” self • Self-perceived • Intrinsic goals / aspirations • Via perceptions of others • Extrinsic values / demands Social / Cognitive & affective models 8

Self-discrepancies Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavioral intentions Actual behavior Behavioral standards Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Behavioral “Comparator” Perceived self-discrepancy • Real discrepancy between standards & outcomes • Chronic availability of standards & behavioral outcomes • Priming of ideal / ought standards Social / Cognitive & affective models 9

Self-discrepancies, 2 Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Actual Own Ideal Other Own Other Ought Own Other Depression, disappointment Dejection, loss of esteem Fear, perceived threat Guilt, self-recrimination Anxiety, fear, social anxiety Depression, sadness, self-disappointment Social / Cognitive & affective models 10

The feared self § Discrepancies and goals: Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior § Actual ought: ü behavior shaped toward an outcome by avoidance of negative consequences ü Guilt, extrinsic motivation ü Initiation of + behavior likely short term § Actual Ideal: ü Behavior shaped by approach of personal goals ü “Personal striving”, intrinsic motivation ü Initiation maintenance § The feared self: ü Behavior shaped only by avoidance; no outcome structure Social / Cognitive & affective models 11

Multiple motives for behavior § Feared self: Diffuse Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior avoidance motives § Ideal / ought self: structures behavior toward approach goal § Combination of avoidant (feared selfbased) and approach (ideal / ought –based) motives sum to create behavioral disposition. Social / Cognitive & affective models 12

Approach – Avoidance conflicts Kurt Lewin, Dollard & Miller: § Approach or avoidance of a goal (or state. . ) have drive states or Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior strengths § The strength of a drive increases as the animal gets closer to the goal § Avoidance gradients (“BAS”) are steeper than approach (“BIS”) gradients § Negative information is more salient § Pain / avoidance / fear is a stronger motivator than positive affect § As long as one drive predominates action follows. § People can have >1 gradient § If no drive is predominant state of equilibrium § Resolving equilibrium requires a shift in goals or self-awareness Social / Cognitive & affective models 13

Single motive toward a goal: • no conflict • reliable behavioral outcome Drive strength Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Approach gradient ü Varies by goal (“schema”) within person ü Varies between people (individual difference / “personality” variable) Reward sensitivity (BAS) Near Social / Cognitive & affective models 14 Far Distance from goal

Also single motive Drive strength Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Avoidance gradient Punishment sensitivity (BIS) Near Social / Cognitive & affective models 15 Far Distance from goal

Two conflicting goals, but gradients differ enough that conflict is resolved, no equilibrium state Drive strength Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Two Approach Goals Near Social / Cognitive & affective models 16 Far Distance from goal

Approach gradients cross as the subject gets closer to the goals. Resulting equilibrium requires shift in goal strengths. Drive strength Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Two Behavioral Goals: Approach – Approach Conflict Near Social / Cognitive & affective models 17 Far Distance from goal

Approach – Avoidance Conflict Resolving equilibrium: ü concern over consequences ünegative “Not think” response: cognitive ü punishment sensitivity escape, drug use… salient to proximal & concrete goals. ü Change salience of + or – information ü Value – attitude congruence: Approach motives Ø frame concrete behavior in ü positive conceptualizations, terms of higher-order goal ü reward sensitivity Ø “assimilate” behavior into more salient to distant & self-schema abstract goals. Drive strength Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Avoidance Near Social / Cognitive & affective models 18 Far Distance from goal

Multiple “self-schema” and approach – avoidance goals Drive strength Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Multiple Lead to overall approach goal & avoidant pursuit / avoidance sub-goals Near Social / Cognitive & affective models 19 Far Distance from goal

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Leventhal’s “Common Sense” model: Approach “Disturbance” Normative Causal attributions, /for avoidant orapproach individual term in “goals” outcome cybernetic cognitive vis-à-vis & efficacy model schema Response Capacity to “hot” cognition: (instrumental) affective or “behavioral expectancies, comparator”. information reactivity(affective) avoidant copingseeking responses Social / Cognitive & affective models 20

Health threats and self-regulation Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Cognitive & affective representation of health threat Behavioral intentions Actual behavior Behavioral standards Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Behavioral “Comparator” Social / Cognitive & affective models Disturbance, threat info. 21

Health beliefs in a cybernetic frame Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Cognitive & affective representation of health threat Behavioral intentions Actual behavior Behavioral standards Disturbance, threat info. Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Problem recognition: is there a problem? Behavioral ü “Cues to action”: availability of health information “Comparator” ü Sensitivity to physical or ψ status (e. g. , “ψ mindedness”) ü Social norms visibility of impairment or change Social / Cognitive & affective models 22

Health beliefs in a cybernetic frame Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Cognitive & affective representation of health threat Behavioral intentions Actual behavior Behavioral standards Disturbance, threat info. Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Problem Definition: What is it? Behavioral ü Simple knowledge & beliefs “Comparator” • Negative v. positive definitions • Health v. Illness • Physical v. behavioral ü Social Causal / Cognitiveattributions & affective models 23 (internal / stable v. external / unstable)

Health beliefs in a cybernetic frame Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Cognitive & affective representation of health threat Behavioral intentions Disturbance, threat info. Actual behavior Behavioral standards Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior Problem solving strategies Behavioral ü Simple health care availability “Comparator” ü Anticipated stigma ü Instrumental v. affective coping responses • Outcome & self-efficacy expectancies active coping • Expectancies 24 of affect regulation avoidant coping Social / Cognitive & affective models

Health beliefs: Protection Motivation Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Cognitive & affective representation of health threat Behavioral intentions Disturbance, threat info. Actual behavior Behavioral Protection motivation model standards Threat appraisal Available feedback Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior • HBM constructs: vulnerability & severity of threat • “Approach” motivations: intrinsic & extrinsic rewards Behavioral “Comparator” Coping appraisal • Performance & response efficacy • “Avoidant” motivations: response cost Social / Cognitive & affective models 25

§ Protection motivation Core construct: § Interaction of Efficacy expectancies x perceived Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior threat. § Sturges et al. , 1996: Adolescent’s intention to smoke, by: ü Experimental threat condition ü Baseline “active” coping skills. § High threat + low coping “boomerang” effect Social / Cognitive & affective models 26

Protection motivation: Wu et al. , 1 Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior § Integrative heuristic model: key variables § Personal & cultural sources of information § Complex threat appraisals § Coping resources § Motivational “readiness” • Rewards / facilitators • Costs Begin self-regulating the threat Social / Cognitive & affective models 27

Protection motivation: Wu et al. , 2 Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior § Core elements of Health Belief Model: § Health information § Perceived severity § Personal vulnerability Social / Cognitive & affective models 28 § Cues to action?

Protection motivation: Wu et al. , 3 Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior § Theory of reasoned action: § Norms § Beliefs & attitudes § Self-efficacy Social / Cognitive & affective models 29 § Behavioral intention as core outcome

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Illness representations & self-regulation Cognitive representation Identity of the disease Internal v. external Chronicity: Cause attribution • • eventual Timeline Perceivedcoping severity demands Consequences • Expectancies: Perceived • • “burnout” vulnerability Outcome Controllability • Self-efficacy Social / Cognitive & affective models 30

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Illness representations & self-regulation Cognitive representation Coping resources Identity Core dimension: Cause Active / instrumental Timeline Affective Consequences Controllability Social / Cognitive & affective models 31 “Problem solving” Avoidant • Denial, Skills &distancing knowledge • • Self-blame, Social support fatalism • • Alcohol self-efficacy / drugs, etc. • Other resources

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Illness representations & self-regulation Cognitive representation Coping resources Identity Instrumental Cause vs. Timeline Affective state Positive & negative affect Quality of life “Future orientation” Consequences Controllability Social / Cognitive & affective models Affective 32

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Illness representations & self-regulation Cognitive representation Coping resources Identity Instrumental Cause vs. Timeline Affective state Positive & negative affect Quality of life “Future orientation” Consequences Controllability Social / Cognitive & affective models Affective 33

Psychology 415; Social Basis of Health Behavior Benyamini: 3 -level self-regulation model data Social / Cognitive & affective models 34