Jazz Shortly after the War of 1812 From

Jazz

Shortly after the War of 1812 From New Orleans, LA Instruments included trumpets, trombones, clarinets, saxophones, and drums A mixture of traditional ethnic music, gospel, blues, ragtime, classical (from Creole musicians)

Jazz – a musical form distinguished by its reliance on improvisation and its rhythmic urgency Polyrhythmic – juxtaposing two or more different rhythms Eubie Blake, James P. Johnson, and Earl Hines set norms on “stride piano”

Ferdinand Morton 1885 -1941 Perfected Dixieland Jazz – small ensemble, one of each instrument, blend of simultaneous improvisation Black Bottom Stomp

Break – a measure or two where everyone stops playing except the soloist Scat singing – a form of vocal improvisation on nonsense syllables Ella Fitzgerald - One Note Samba She was discovered as a 17 year old during a singing competition at the Apollo Theater. She was the first black woman to win a Grammy Award. She died in 1996 in California.

1898 -1991 From New Orleans Trumpet, vocals Nicknamed – “Satchmo” What A Wonderful World

With style of “hot jazz” sizes of band expanded Hotter Than That – Lil Hardin

New style of jazz (1930 s)– swing – the special rhythmic character that jazz musicians give to the music Fletcher Henderson developed swing style and expanded jazz ensembles to compliment the style Brass section – 3 trumpets, 2 trombones Reed section – 3 or 4 saxes (double clarinets) Rhythm section – drums, piano, guitar and double bass Henderson Stomp – trading fours

Mid 1930 s, music was primarily for listening, not dancing Benny Goodman – clarinetist, Russian-Jewish immigrant family, “King of Swing”, first/only major jazz artist to have a parallel career in classical music Lester Young – played tenor sax, ushered the transition from clarinet to sax 32 bar form – AABA form, standard jazz form Bridge – a connective part of a composition

Duke Ellington – one of the most important American composers, wrote over 2000 pieces, “It Don’t Mean a Thing” – sung by Ella Fitzgerald, “Cotton Tail” Chromatic – incorporating tones from a musical scale consisting entirely of half steps Mary Lou Williams – popular female composer, Zodiac Suite (Gemini)

Bebop – a complex and sophisticated type of improvised jazz, for listening rather than dancing Smaller ensemble than big band/swing, more freedom to improvise

John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie – trumpet Charlie “Yardbird” Parker – alto sax Made melodies more chromatic, harmonies and rhythms became more complex, rapid tempos and dazzling technical displays “Shaw Nuff” by Gillespie and Parker

1950 s – return to Dixieland Ragtime styles, developed new styles “rhythm and blues” and “modal jazz” Dorian Mode – a scale with the pattern of WHWWWHW Miles Davis – pioneer of modal jazz, “So What” Thelonious Monk – “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes”

1960 s/70 s – “free jazz”, similar to modal jazz, just more complex Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and Quincy Jones – pushed new style of “fusion” – combination of jazz and rock “Birdland” - fusion “So Danco Samba” - Latin “I Got You” – blues “Easy Listening” – Norah Jones, Kenny G