Japanese Morphology Japanese Lexicon v Native vocabulary v
Japanese Morphology
Japanese Lexicon v Native vocabulary v Yamato kotoba/Wago 大和言葉/和語 v Sino-Japanese v Kango 漢語 v Foreign v 外来語 v Mimetic v 擬声語、擬態語
Native SJ Mimetic Foreign ‘shine’ kagayaku -kou- kira-kira syain ‘dog’ -ken- wan-wan doggu inu
Word Structure 語の構成(こうせい) v Cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units v形態素 v単純語 v Can be divided into smaller meaningful units v派生語 (はせいご) v複合語 (ふくごうご) v活用 (かつよう)
Derivation 派生 v change meaning or category v Base 語基(ごき) and Affix 接辞(せつじ) v Ex: hada ‘skin’ + su ‘bare’ = su-hada v v kak ‘write’ + -(i)ta ‘want to’ = kakitai hiro ‘wide’ + -sa = width
Inflection v variants of the same word v Ex: tabe ‘eat’ + ru = taberu v v v tabe + ta = tabeta ooki ‘big’ + i = ookii ooki + katta = ookikatta
AFFIXATION v Prefixation 接頭辞(せっとうじ) v mu ‘none’ + kansin ‘interest’ = mukansin v Suffixation 接尾辞(せつびじ) v hanasite ‘speaker’ = hanas + te
COMPOUNDING v Compound words 複合語(ふくごうご) v Native Compounds v aki + sora = akizora ‘autumn sky’ v SJ Compounds v ki + soku = kisoku ‘rule’ v Hybrid Compounds v dai + tokoro = daidokoro ‘kitchen’ v garasu + mado = garasumado ‘glass window’
Word Formation v Affixation v Compounding v Reduplication v Clipping v Borrowing
NOUNS 名詞 v co-occur with demonstratives 指示語( しじご) v can take noun modifiers which take the particle の v can be linked using と v associated with a conjugational paradigm
VERBS 動詞 v conjugational endings 活用(かつよう) v nozum vnozomu vnozomanai vnozonde vnozomoo vnozomeba
ADJECTIVES 形容詞 v conjugational endings 活用 v fusawashi vfusawashikunai vfusawashikatta vfusawashikunakatta
ADVERBS 副詞 v derived from adjectives v tooku, atatakaku v totemo, zettai
POSTPOSITIONS 助詞 v cannot stand independently; placed after nouns v で、へ、と、まで、から
CASE PARTICLES 格助詞 v Nominative が v Accusative を v Dative に v Genitive の
ADJECTIVAL NOUN 形容動詞 v 形容動詞 ‘adjectival verb’; ‘nominal adjectives’ v have characteristics both of adjectives and nouns v modify the nouns that follow them v can be modified by adverbs v take the copula verb, unlike the regular adjectives
形容動詞 v cannot possess the grammatical functions of subject, object, etc. v can be nominalized by the derivational affix – sa v cannot take the derivational suffix –rashii that generates adjectives from nouns v loan words modifying nouns tend to belong to this category
VERBAL NOUN 動名詞 v many come from Sino-Japanese compounds v can occur with demonstratives v require the dummy verb する in the predicate function v can function as subject or object
Assignment v 問題1 Compare and analyze the forms 「通(と お)り道(みち)」 and 「通(とお)る道(みち)」 at the word level. Also, examine any change in the pronunciation of each term. v 問題2 How would you differentiate 「関西(かん さい)の方言(ほうげん)」 and 「関西(かんさい)方 言(ほうげん)」?
v 問題3 Analyze the structure of the following words: 走(はし)り方(かた)、スキー幅(ぼう)、お 水(みず)取(と)り、 おむつ換(か)え、毛生(けは)え薬(くすり) v 問題4 List 5 examples of affix which changes the category of the word/meaning of the word. For each affix, provide 2 derived words.
v 問題5 The affix 「御(お)」 has two allomorphs: ご and を. State the condition/s for the occurrence each allomorph. v 問題6 Consider the forms 遊(あそ)び方(かた) and 遊( あそ)び用(よう). Both are grammatical. However, if you combine these forms with 水(みず), you will have a grammatical 水(みず)遊(あそ)び用(よう) but *水(み ず)遊(あそ)び方(かた) is ungrammatical. Find the difference in the usage of 方(かた) and 用(よう). What feature/s of words can you combine with these forms? Provide examples.
v 問題7 In the clause 「水槽(すいそう)中にプラン クトンがいる」, there is a difference in meaning if you read 中 as ちゅう or じゅう. Identify the difference. If possible, provide other derived words for each reading of 中. v 問題8 Compare and analyze the forms 「押(お) し始(はじ)める」 and 「押(お)し付(つ)ける」.
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